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Bioaccumulation of nutrients and metals in sediment, water, and phoomdi from Loktak Lake (Ramsar site), northeast India: phytoremediation options and risk assessment

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Abstract

In order to determine the potential of phoomdi to accumulate nutrients and metals, 11 dominant species belonging to 10 different families, sediment, and water were analyzed for a period of 2 years from the largest freshwater wetland of north-east India, Loktak (Ramsar site). Results revealed nutrient (TN and TP) and metal (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) compartmentalization in the order phoomdi > sediment > water. Iron concentrations in water (0.37 ± 0.697 to 0.57 ± 1.010 mg L−1) and sediments (81.8 ± 0.45 to 253.1 ± 0.51 mg kg−1) show high metal discharge into the wetland. Metal accumulation in phoomdi ranged up to 212.3 ± 0.46–9461.4 ± 1.09 mg kg−1 for Fe; 85.9 ± 0.31–3565.1 ± 0.87 mg kg−1 for Mn; 9.6 ± 0.41–85.39 ± 0.58 mg kg−1 for Zn; and 0.31 ± 0.04–9.2 ± 0.04 mg kg−1 for Cu, respectively. High bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for metals (S. cucullata, 5.8 × 104 Fe, 3.9 × 104 Mn, and 1.7 × 104 Cu, and O. javanica, 4.9 × 103 Zn) and nutrients (S. polyrhiza, 9.7 × 102 TN, and Z. latifolia, 7.9 × 104 TP) revealed good accumulation in phoomdi compared to the wetland water column and indicate their potential to maintain a safe environment of Loktak. Further, the paper analyzed the health hazard of metals via phoomdi wild edible consumption, with the results confirming potential risk. Thus, the paper showed the need of in-depth monitoring and ample management strategies to ensure nutritional safety conditions of locals from the metals.

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Acknowledgments

Maibam Dhanaraj Meitei acknowledges the University of Hyderabad for awarding the scholarship. Authors thank the locals from Thanga, Moirang, Sendra, Ningthoukhong, and Keibul Lamjao for their help and inputs. Authors thank LDA for providing the image of Loktak.

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  1. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India

    Maibam Dhanaraj Meitei & Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad

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  1. Maibam Dhanaraj Meitei
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Correspondence to Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad.

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Meitei, M.D., Prasad, M.N.V. Bioaccumulation of nutrients and metals in sediment, water, and phoomdi from Loktak Lake (Ramsar site), northeast India: phytoremediation options and risk assessment. Environ Monit Assess 188, 329 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5339-7

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