Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Animal mortality and illegal poison bait use in Greece

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study describes the use of poison baits against so-called pest species in Greece and explores various aspects of this illegal practice. Data were collected from 2000 to 2016, and a total of 1015 poisoning incidents in rural areas causing the death of 3248 animals were examined. In 58.7% of investigated cases, the motives remained unknown; in the remaining cases, human-wildlife conflicts and retaliatory actions among stakeholders (e.g., hunters vs. livestock breeders) were found to be the main reasons for poison bait use. The target animals for these actions were mainly mammalian carnivores, and stray canids, all of which were blamed for livestock and game losses. Avian scavengers were the wildlife species most affected by secondary poisoning (30% of the wildlife fatalities), whereas shepherd dogs accounted for 66.4% of domestic animal losses. Toxicological analyses showed that a wide range of chemical substances were used, mostly legal or banned pesticides (e.g., carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines) and potassium cyanide. Furthermore, the widespread trafficking of black marketed insecticides was also recorded, with methomyl (in powder form) and carbofuran being most common. The majority of poisoning events (72%) took place outside protected areas, while in approximately 73.4% of them, no official reporting to the competent authorities was made. Overall, the study highlights the significant impact of illegal poison bait use on wildlife in Greece and addresses its extreme socioeconomic complexity. The need for an integrated national anti-poison strategy is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antoniou, V., Zantopoulos, N., Skartsi, D., & Tsoukali-Papadopoulou, H. (1996). Pesticide poisoning of animals of wild fauna. Veterinary Human Toxicology, 38, 212–213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antoniou, V., Tsoukali, H. & Zantopoulos, N. (1998). Poisoning of birds by toxic substances. In: Proceedings of the First Hellenic Conference of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (p. 216–222).

  • Antoniou, V., Zantopoulos, N., Samouris, G., & Ioannidou, M. (2005). Impacts of toxic substances in sheep and goats in northern Greece. Animal Science Review, 34, 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antor, R. (1999). Evolución demográfica de la población: Estimación de las tasa de supervivencia y el tamaño de la población pre-adulta de Quebrantahuesos en el Pirineo. Fundación Para La Conservación Del Quebrantahuesos. 1a Parte., (2), 17–24.

  • Aragon, T. A., Fay, M. P., Wollschlaeger, D. & Omidpanah, A. (2017). Package “epitools”: epidemiology tools.

  • Berny, P. (2007). Pesticides and the intoxication of wild animals. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 30(2), 93–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botha, A.J., Andevski, J., Bowden, C.G.R., Gudka, M., Tavares, J., Safford, R. J. and Williams, N. P. (2017) Multi-species Action Plan to Conserve African-Eurasian Vultures. Raptors MoU Technical Publication No. 4. CMS Technical Series No. 33. Coordinating Unit of the CMS Raptors MoU, Abu Dhabi.

  • Campbell, M. O. (2015). Vultures: their evolution, ecology and conservation. (Taylor & Francis Group, Ed.). CRC Press.

  • Carrete, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Benítez, J. R., Lobón, M., & Donázar, J. A. (2009). Large scale risk-assessment of wind-farms on population viability of a globally endangered long-lived raptor. Biological Conservation, 142(12), 2954–2961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleaveland, S., Meslin, F. X., & Breiman, R. (2006). Dogs can play useful role as sentinel hosts for disease. Nature, 440, 605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, O., Bechtel, B., Bock, M., Dietrich, H., Fischer, E., Gerlitz, L., Wehberg, J., Wichmann, V., & Böhner, J. (2015). System for automated geoscientific analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4. Geoscientific Model Development, 8, 1991–2007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daszak, P. (2008). Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife—threats to biodiversity and human health. Science, 287(5452), 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5452.443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vault, T. L., Beasley, J.C., Olson, Z.H., Moleσn, M., Carrete, M., Margalida, A. & Sαnchez-Zapata, J. A. . (2016). Ecosystem services provided by avian scavengers. USDA National Wildlife Research Center-Staff Publications. 1836.

  • European Commission, DH & FS (2015). Ad-hoc study on the trade of illegal and counterfeit pesticides in the EU.

  • Faure, M., Philipsen, N., Fajardo del Castillo, T., Farmer, A., Gerstetter, C., Germani, A.R., Hoare, A., Mitsilegas, V., Sollund, R., Sina, S., Stefes, C., Vagliasindi, G., & Veening, W. (2016). European Union Action to Fight Environmental Crime. Conclusions and recommendations. Deliverable No. 74, pp. 36.

  • Giorgi, M., & Mengozzi, M. (2011). Malicious animal intoxications: poisoned baits. Veterinární Medicína, 56(4), 173–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goutner, V., Skartsi, T., Konstantinou, I. K., Sakellarides, T. M., Albanis, T. A., Vasilakis, D., Elorriaga, J., & P, K. (2011). Organochlorine residues in blood of cinereous vultures and Eurasian griffon vultures in a northeastern Mediterranean area of nature conservation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 183, 259–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, K., Beckerman, A. P., & Thirgood, S. (2005). Human-predator-prey conflicts: ecological correlates, prey losses and patterns of management. Biological Conservation, 122(2), 159–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guitart, R., Croubels, S., Caloni, F., Sachana, M., Davanzo, F., Vandenbroucke, V., & Berny, P. (2010). Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 1: farm livestock and poultry. Veterinary Journal, 183(3), 249–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, J. E., Meredith, A. L., Knobel, D. L., Shaw, D. J., Bronsvoort, B. M., & Cleaveland, S. (2007). A framework for evaluating animals as sentinels for infectious disease surveillance. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 4(16), 973–984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallmann, B. (1985). Status and conservation problems of birds of prey in Greece. Conservation Studies on Raptors, ICBP Technical Publication, (5), 55–59. Retrieved from http://www.raptors-international.org/book/conservation_studies_on_raptors_1985/Hallmann_1985_55-59.pdf

  • Handrinos, G. (1985). The status of vultures in Greece. In Conservation Studies in Raptors. ICBP Techn. Publ. No. 5: 103–115.

  • Hela, D. G., Konstantinou, I. K., Sakellarides, T. M., Lambropoulou, D. A., Akriotis, T., & Albanis, T. A. (2006). Persistent organochlorine contaminants in liver and fat of birds of prey from Greece. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 50(4), 603–613.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hengl, T. (2009). A practical guide to geostatistical mapping. Open Source Publication www.lulu.com.

  • Hengl, T., Heuvelink, G. B. M., & Rossiter, D. G. (2007). About regression-kriging: from equations to case studies. Computers and Geosciences, 33(10), 1301–1315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández, M., & Margalida, A. (2008). Pesticide abuse in Europe: effects on the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) population in Spain. Ecotoxicology, 17(4), 264–272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández, M., & Margalida, A. (2009). Poison-related mortality effects in the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Spain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 55(4), 415–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, W. E. (1962). Means of improving the status of vertebrate pest control. Transactions of the 27th North American Wildlife Conference, 27:139–150.

  • Iliopoulos, Y. (2000). Illegal use of poisons for predator control in continental Greece: results from LIFE Project NAT97/GR/04249 for “Conservation of Wolf and Its Habitats in Greece”. In Illegal Use of Poisons in the Natural Environment, International Congress. Alcudia, Mallorca, Spain.

  • Iliopoulos, Y., Sgardelis, S., Koutis, V., & Savaris, D. (2009). Wolf depredation on livestock in Central Greece. Mammal Research, 54(1), 11–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jerrentrup, H. & Efthimiou, G. (2006). Management measures for rare fauna species—the Nestos case. In: Proceedings of the contribution of LIFE-Nature towards an integrated management of Natura 2000 sites: the case of Greece. Nea Peramos, Kavala, 6–9 September 2006, pp 103–110. (In Greek).

  • Kaczensky, P., Chapron, G., von Arx, M., Huber, D., Andrén, H., and Linnell, J. (2012). Status, management and distribution of large carnivores-bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine in Europe—part 1. European Commission, (December), 1–200.

  • Karamanlidis, A. A., Sanopoulos, A., Georgiadis, L., & Zedrosser, A. (2011). Structural and economic aspects of human–bear conflicts in Greece. Ursus, 22, 141–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, T. R., Poppenga, R. H., Woods, L. A., Hernandez, Y. Z., Boyce, W. M., Samaniego, F. J., Steve, G. T., & Johnson, C. K. (2014). Causes of mortality and unintentional poisoning in predatory and scavenging birds in California. Veterinary Record Open, 1(1), e000028. https://doi.org/10.1136/vropen-2014-000028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korbeti, Μ. & Politis, G. (2012). Proposals by environmental organizations and stakeholders for tackling the poison bait use in Greece. Hellenic Orntihological Society, Hellenic Society for the Protection of Nature, WWF Greece, ANIMA, ARCTUROS, Callisto and Natural History Museum of Crete.

  • Kret, E. (2018). Poison bait detection with specially trained dogs in Thrace, Annual technical report 2017, pp 35. Technical report under Action A5 of the LIFE+ project "Protection of Black vulture and Griffon vulture in Rhodopes" (LIFE14 NAT/NL/000901). WWF Greece, Athens. (in Greek).

  • Kret, E., Vavylis, D., Saravia, V. & Ntemiri, Κ. (2015). Poison bait detection with specially trained dogs in Thrace and Central Greece, Annual report 2014. Technical report under action C1 of the LIFE+ project “The Return of the Neophron” (LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152). Hellenic Ornithological Society & WWF-Greece, At.

  • Kret, E., Saravia, V., Dobrev, V., Popgeorgiev, G. & Nikolov S. C. (2016). Assessment of major threats in Natura 2000 sites for the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Bulgaria and Greece (2012–2015). Fact sheet under action A3 of the LIFE+ project “The Return of the Neophron” (LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152). WWF Greece, Athens.

  • Lamargeue, F., Artois, M., Berny, P., & Hatier, C. (1999). Re’seau SAGIR: Douze ans de toxicovigilance. Bulletin Mensuel Office National de La Chasse, 246, 18–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, T. (2013). Hwange elephant poaching. Retrieved from http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/hwangeelephant-%0Apoaching-trevor-lane./.

  • Legakis, A., & Maragou, P. (Eds). (2009). The Red Data Book of threatened fauna of Greece. (Hellenic Zoological Society, Ed.). Athens (in Greek).

  • Lozano, J., Virgós, E., & Mangas, J. G. (2010). Veneno y control de predadores. Galemys, 22, 123–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Márquez, C., Vargas, J. M., Villafuerte, R., & Fa, J. E. (2013). Understanding the propensity of wild predators to illegal poison baiting. Animal Conservation, 16(1), 118–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mateo-Tomás, P., Olea, P. P., Sánchez-Barbudo, I. S., & Mateo, R. (2012). Alleviating human-wildlife conflicts: identifying the causes and mapping the risk of illegal poisoning of wild fauna. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49(2), 376–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mech, L. D., & Boitani, L. (Eds.). (2010). Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. London: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meretsky, V. J., Snyder, N. F. R., Beissinger, S. R., Clendenen, D. a., & Wiley, J. W. (2000). Demography of the California condor: implications for reestablishment. Conservation Biology, 14(4), 957–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mineau, P. (2005). Direct losses of birds to pesticides—beginnings of a quantification. Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, GTR-PSW-191. (T. D. Ralph, C.J., Rich, Ed.) (Proceeding). Albany, CA: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, GTR-PSW-191.

  • Mineau, P., Fletcher, M. R., Glaser, L. C., Thomas, N. J., Brassard, C., Wilson, L. K., Elliott, J. E., Lyoin, L. A., Henny, C. J., Bollinger, T., & Porter, S. L. (1999). Poisoning of raptors with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides with emphasis on Canada, U.S. and U.K. Journal of Raptor Research, 33(1), 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mörner, T., Obendorf, D.L., Artois, M. & Woodford, M.H. (2002) Surveillance and monitoring of wildlife diseases.Revue Scientifique et Technique 21(1):67-76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mundy, P., Butchart, D., Ledger, J. & Piper, S. (1992). The vultures of Africa (P. J. Mundy, Ed.).

  • Neter, J., Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., Wasserman, W. (Ed.). (1996). Applied linear statistical models (4th edition). McGraw-Hill.

  • Newton, I. (1979). Population ecology of raptors. London: T. & A.D. Poyser.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I. (1998). Population limitation in birds, San Diego, CA Academic press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I. (2001). Diseases in wild (free-living) raptors. In J. E. Cooper (Ed.), Birds of prey. Health and disease. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ntemiri, K., & Saravia, V. (2016). The illegal use of poison baits in Greece 2012-2015. Antipoison Task Force Technical Report for Action C1 LIFE + Project “The Return of the Neophron.” Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, Athens, 34 p.

  • Ogada, D. L. (2014). The power of poison: Pesticide poisoning of Africa’s wildlife. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1322(1), 1–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papageorgiou, N., Vlachos, C., Sfougaris, A., & Tsachalidis, E. (1994). Status and diet of wolves in Greece. Acta Theriologica, 39(4), 411–416. https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.94-48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavocovic, G., & Susic, G. (2005). Poisoning of seventeen Eurasian Griffons by carbofuran on the Island of Rab, Croatia, in December 2004.pdf. Vulture News, 53, 24–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, V., Pain, D. J., Cunningham, A. A., Donald, P. F., Prakash, N., Verma, A., Gargi, R., Sivakumar, S., & Rahmani, A. R. (2003). Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed (Gyps bengalensis) and long-billed (Gyps indicus) vulture populations. Biological Conservation, 109(3), 381–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • QGIS, D. team. (2015). QGIS geographic information system. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project.

  • R Core, T (2015). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/.

  • Ritchie, B. W., Harrison, G. J., & Harrison, L. R. (1994). Avian medicine: principles and application. Florida: Wingers Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roxburgh, L., & McDougall, R. (2012). Vulture poisoning incidents and the status of vultures in Zambia and Malawi. Vulture News, 62(April), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.4314/vulnew.v62i1.3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakoulis, A. (2000). The local extinction of the bearded vulture due to the anti-wolf campaign at central and eastern Sterea Ellada, Central Greece. In: Probonas, M. Sakoulis, A. & Xirouchakis, S. (Eds). Proceedings of the 4th Bearded vulture workshop. Natural History Museum. (pp. 7–12). Heraklion.

  • Sánchez, J. J. (2004). Buitre Negro, Aegypius monachus. In: Madroño A, González C, Atienza JC (ed.). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. (D. G. para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife., Ed.). Madrid.

  • Saravia, V., Kret, E., Dobrev, V. & N. S. C. (2016). Assessment of mortality causes for the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Bulgaria and Greece (1997–2015). Fact sheet under action A1 of the LIFE+ project “The Return of the Neophron” (LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152). HOS, Athens. p. 9

  • Skartsi, T., Elorriaga, J., & Vasiliakis, D. (2008). Population, breeding and conservation status of Eurasian Black Vulture in the Dadia National Park, Thrace, NE Greece. Journal of Natural History, 42, 345–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skartsi, Th., Elorriaga, J. & Vasiliakis, D. (2010). Eurasian black vulture: the focal species of the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park. In H. Catsadorakis, G. & Källander (Ed.), The Dadia–Lefkimi–Soufli Forest National Park, Greece: Biodiversity, Management and Conservation. (pp. 195–206). Greece, Athens.: WWF.

  • Skartsi Th., Dobrev V., Oppel S., Kafetzis A., Kret E., Karampatsa R., Saravia V., Bounas T., Vavylis D., Sidiropoulos L., Arkumarev V., Dyulgerova S. & Nikolov, S. C. (2014). Assessment of the illegal use of poison in Natura 2000 sites for the Egyptian Vulture in Greece and Bulgaria during the period 2003–2012. Technical report under action A3 of the LIFE+ project “The Return of the Neophron” (LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152). WWF Greece.

  • Sokal R.R. & Rohlf, F. J. (1995). Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. (third edition). Freeman, New York.

  • Sparkman, O. D., Penton, Z. & Fulton, G. K. (2011). Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry: a practical guide. Academic Press.

  • Stahler, D. R., Smith, D. W., & Guernsey, D. S. (2006). Foraging and feeding ecology of the gray wolf (Canis lupus): lessons from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Journal of Nutrition, 136(August), 1923S–1926S.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoynov, E., Grozdanov, A., Stanchev, S., Peshev, H., Vangelova, N., & Peshev, D. (2014). How to avoid depredation on livestock by wolf—theories and tests. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 20(1), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tewes, E., Terrasse, M., Sánchez, J.J., Fremuth, W. & Frey, H. (2004). Action plan for the recovery and conservation of vultures on the Balkan Peninsula: activities and projects during 2002 and 2003, 1–36.

  • Toutoudaki, M., Tzatzarakis, M., Christakis, M., Margariti, M., Xirouchakis, S., Georgiakakis, P., Barboutis, C., & Tsatsakis, A. (2006). Detection of organophosphorous pesticides in poisoned birds of prey. Toxicology Letters, 164, 247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasilakis, D. P., Whitfield, D. P., Schindler, S., Poirazidis, K. S., & Kati, V. (2016). Reconciling endangered species conservation with wind farm development: cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe. Biological Conservation, 196, 10–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vavylis, D., Kret, E., Saravia, V. & Ntemiri, K. (2016a). Poison bait detection with the use of specially trained dogs in Thrace and Central Greece, Annual report 2015. Technical report under action C1 of the LIFE+ project “The Return of the Neophron” (LIFE10 NAT/BG/000152). Hellenic Ornithological Society & WWF-Greece, Athens. 77 p (in Greek).

  • Vavylis, D., Kret, E., Saravia, V. & Ntemiri, K. (2016b). Poison bait detection with the use of specially trained dogs in Thrace and Central Greece, Annual Report 2016 and summary report for 2014–2016, pp. 74. Hellenic Ornithological Society & WWF Greece, Athens (Conservation action C1). (in Greek).

  • Venables, W. N., & Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S (Fourth ed.). New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vyas, N. B. (1999). Factors influencing estimation of pesticide-related wildlife mortality. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 15, 186–191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield, D. P., McLeod, D. R. A., Watson, J., Fielding, A. H., & Haworth, P. F. (2003). The association of grouse moor in Scotland with the illegal use of poisons to control predators. Biological Conservation, 114(2), 157–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodford, M. H. (1999). Procedures for wildlife veterinarians and field biologists. Office International des Epizooties, Care for the Wild and the Veterinary Specialist Group/Species Survival Commission of the World Conservation Union (IUCN).

  • Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S., & Rabinowitz, A. (2005). People and wildlife, conflict or co-existence? New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Xirouchakis, S. (2004). Causes of raptor mortality in Crete. In R. D. & B.-U. M. eds. Chancellor (Ed.), Raptors worldwide (pp. 849–860). WWGBP/MME.

  • Xirouchakis, S. M., & Tsiakiris, R. (2009). Status and population trends of vultures in Greece. In: Donázar, J.A., Margalida, A. & a. Gampion (eds). Vultures feeding stations & sanitary legislation: A conflict and its consequences from the perspective of conservation biology. Munibe (Suppl), 29, 154–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xirouchakis, S., Andreou, G. & Arnellos, G. (1999). The impact of poisoned baits set for vermin on the population of vultures in Crete (Greece). Incidences of secondary poisoning during 1990–1999. Vulutre News, (42), 13–24.

  • Xirouchakis, S. M., Sakoulis, A., & Andreou, G. (2001). The decline of the bearded vulture in Greece. Ardeola, 48(2), 183–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zantopoulos, N., Antoniou, V., & Nikolaidis, E. (1999). Copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead in sheep grazing in North Greece. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 62, 691–699.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zar, J. H. (1999). Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey, USA.: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zugasti, D. (2014). Uso ilegal de cebos envenenados. Investigacion y anαlisis jurνdico. SEO/BirdLife-Proyecto Life+VENENO. Madrid.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece

    K. Ntemiri, V. Saravia, C. Angelidis, D. Vavylis & A. Manolopoulos

  2. University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, 71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

    K. Baxevani, M. Probonas & S. M. Xirouchakis

  3. WWF Greece, 21 Lempes, 11743, Athens, Greece

    E. Kret & D. Skartsi

  4. CALLISTO, Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Mitropoleos 123, 54621, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Y. Mertzanis & Y. Iliopoulos

  5. Hellenic Anti-poison Task Force/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece

    L. Georgiadis

  6. Athens Center of Veterinary Institutes, Ministry of Rural Development & Food, Neapoleos 25, 15341, Athens, Greece

    P. Michalopoulou

Authors
  1. K. Ntemiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. Saravia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Angelidis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. Baxevani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. Probonas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. E. Kret
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Y. Mertzanis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Y. Iliopoulos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. L. Georgiadis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. D. Skartsi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. D. Vavylis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. A. Manolopoulos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. P. Michalopoulou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. S. M. Xirouchakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. M. Xirouchakis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ntemiri, K., Saravia, V., Angelidis, C. et al. Animal mortality and illegal poison bait use in Greece. Environ Monit Assess 190, 488 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6838-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6838-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation