Abstract
In this note we discuss the effect of the symplectic sum along spheres in symplectic four-manifolds on the Kodaira dimension of the underlying symplectic manifold. We find that the Kodaira dimension is non-decreasing. Moreover, we are able to obtain precise results on the structure of the manifold obtained from the blow down of an embedded symplectic \(-4\)-sphere.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dorfmeister, J.G.: Minimality of symplectic fiber sums along spheres. Asian J. Math. 17(3), 423–442 (2013)
Dorfmeister, J.G., Zhang, W.: The Kodaira dimension of Lefschetz fibrations. Asian J. Math. 13(3), 341–357 (2009)
Fintushel, R., Stern, R.: Rational blowdowns of smooth 4-manifolds. J. Differ. Geom. 46(2), 181–235 (1997)
Friedman, R., Morgan, J.W.: Algebraic surfaces and Seiberg-Witten invariants. J. Algebr. Geom. 6(3), 445–479 (1997)
Gompf, R.E.: A new construction of symplectic manifolds. Ann. Math. 142(3), 527–595 (1995)
Gompf, R.E.: Private communication
Gompf, R.E., Stipsicz, A.I.: 4-manifolds and Kirby calculus. In: Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society, vol. 20, pp. xvi+558. Providence, RI (1999). ISBN:0-8218-099
Ionel, E.-N., Parker, T.H.: The symplectic sum formula for Gromov–Witten invariants. Ann. Math. 159(3), 935–1025 (2004)
LeBrun, C.: Four-manifolds without Einstein metrics. Math. Res. Lett. 3(2), 133–147 (1996)
Lerman, E.: Symplectic cuts. Math. Res. Lett. 2(3), 247–258 (1995)
Li, B.-H., Li, T.-J.: Minimal genus smooth embeddings in \(S^2\times S^2\) and \(\mathbb{C}P^2\)#\(n\overline{\mathbb{C}P^2}\) with \(n\le 8\). Topology 37(3), 575–594 (1998)
Li, B.-H., Li, T.-J.: Smooth minimal genera for small negative classes in \(\mathbb{C}P^2\)#\(n\overline{\mathbb{C}P^2}\) with \(n\le 9\). Topol. Appl. 132(1), 1–15 (2003)
Li, T.-J.: Smoothly embedded spheres in symplectic 4-manifolds. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 2, 609–613 (1999)
Li, T.-J.: Symplectic 4-manifolds with Kodaira dimension zero. J. Differ. Geom. 74(2), 321–352 (2006)
Li, T.-J.: Unpublished notes
Li, T.J., Liu, A.: Symplectic structure on ruled surfaces and a generalized adjunction formula. Math. Res. Lett. 2(4), 453–471 (1995)
Li, T.-J., Liu, A.-K.: General wall crossing formula. Math. Res. Lett. 2(6), 797–810 (1995)
Li, T.-J., Liu, A.-K.: Uniqueness of symplectic canonical class, surface cone and symplectic cone of 4-manifolds with \(b^+=1\). J. Differ. Geom. 58(2), 331–370 (2001)
Li, T.-J., Yau, S.-T.: Embedded surfaces and Kodaira dimension. ICCM (2007)
Liu, A.-K.: Some new applications of general wall crossing formula, Gompf’s conjecture and its applications. Math. Res. Lett. 3(5), 569–585 (1996)
McCarthy, J.D., Wolfson, J.G.: Symplectic normal connect sum. Topology 33(4), 729–764 (1994)
McDuff, D.: The structure of rational and ruled symplectic 4-manifolds. J. Am. Math. Soc. 3(3), 679–712 (1990)
McDuff, D.: Immersed spheres in symplectic 4-manifolds. Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble) 42(1–2), 369–392 (1992)
McDuff, D.: Singularities and positivity of intersections of J-holomorphic curves. With an appendix by Gang Liu. Progr. Math. In: Holomorphic Curves in Symplectic Geometry, vol. 117, pp. 191–215. Birkhuser, Basel (1994)
McDuff, D., Salamon, D.: Introduction to symplectic topology. Second edition. In: Oxford Mathematical Monographs, pp. x+486. The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York (1998)
McDuff, D., Symington, M.: Associativity properties of the symplectic sum. Math. Res. Lett. 3(5), 591–608 (1996)
Taubes, C.H.: \({\rm SW}\Rightarrow {\rm Gr}:\) from the Seiberg-Witten equations to pseudo-holomorphic curves. In: Seiberg Witten and Gromov Invariants for Symplectic 4-manifolds, pp. 1–97. First Int. Press Lect. Ser., 2, Int. Press, Somerville, MA (2000)
Usher, M: Minimality and symplectic sums. Int. Math. Res. Not. Art. ID 49857, p. 17 (2006)
Usher, M.: Kodaira dimension and symplectic sums. Comment. Math. Helv. 84(1), 57–85 (2009)
Wall, C.T.C.: Diffeomorphisms of 4-manifolds. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 39, 131–140 (1964)
Witten, E.: Monopoles and four-manifolds. Math. Res. Lett. 1(6), 769–796 (1994)
Acknowledgments
I gratefully acknowledge the patient support of my advisor Prof. Tian Jun Li. I also would like to thank Prof. Bob Gompf for pointing out Lemma 3.6 and describing the underlying method. I also thank Weiyi Zhang and Weiwei Wu for their interest. Thanks also to an anonymous referee for making me aware of a gap in the proof of Lemma 3.14. Part of this work was completed at the University of Minnesota and while at the Graduiertenkolleg 1463: Analysis, Geometry and String Theory in Hannover. The author is partially supported by a Grant from the Simons Foundation (\(\#\)246043).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dorfmeister, J.G. Kodaira dimension of fiber sums along spheres. Geom Dedicata 177, 1–25 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10711-014-9974-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10711-014-9974-2