Abstract
In simulation studies of Arabic coffee plants under the future CO2 conditions, no data about flowering, yield fractions or beverage sensorial have been reported. It was hypothesized that elevated CO2 (e[CO2]) would improve the leaf-gas exchange responses, assisting in improvement of coffee reproduction. The aim was to estimate leaf-gas exchange dynamics, flowering, fruiting intensity and quality in Coffea arabica grown in long-term FACE experiment under rainfed conditions. Leaf-gas exchanges were followed for five years during vegetative and reproductive stages; flowering was observed at second order axis scale for 4 years; berry production, its fractions and beverage sensorial were estimated at plot scale in the 4th production year under FACE. Young coffee plants did not modify leaf-gas exchange responses under e[CO2] in observed periods, while the adult ones increased leaf-photosynthesis in all observed stages. Stomatal conductance and water use efficiency were higher under e[CO2] than actual [CO2] in some stages of flowering, berry expansion and ripping, benefited from higher water content over the soil profile in advanced years of FACE. Elevated CO2 mitigated the effects of anomalous drought and high temperatures in rainy season, reducing the abnormal reproductive structures rate. Under e[CO2], the intense leaf-photosynthesis did not improve the yield or sensorial beverage quality in 4th production year, but a fraction of green berries, indicating flowering delay or prolongated ripening. The e[CO2] supported species survival during short intensive drought through high carbon investments in reproduction, while long/anomalous droughts reduced the fraction of flower abnormalities, indicating carbon investments in individual plant survival.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- a[CO2]:
-
Actual air [CO2]
- BE:
-
The leaf and berry expansion
- BR:
-
Berry ripening
- e[CO2]:
-
Elevated air [CO2]
- FL:
-
Initial flushes of flowering; VG: juvenile period
References
Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2005) What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2. New Phytol 165(2):351–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j1469-8137200401224x
Ainsworth EA, Rogers A (2007) The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO2]: mechanisms and environmental interactions. Plant Cell Environ 30:258–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j1365-3040200701641x
Ascough GD, Nogemane N, van Staden MNPJ (2005) Flower abscission: environmental control, internal regulation and physiological responses of plants. S Afr J Bot 71:287–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30101-0
Barros RS, Maestri M, Rena AB (1999) Physiology of growth and production of the coffee tree—a review. J Coffee Res 27:1–54
Bartholo GF, Guimarães PTG (1997) Cuidados na colheita e preparo do café. Informe Agropec 18:33–42
Bigot S, Buges J, Gilly L, Jacque C et al (2018) Pivotal roles of environmental sensing and signaling mechanisms in plant responses to climate change. Glob Change Biol 24:5573–5589. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14433
Bindi M, Fibbi L, Miglietta F (2001) Free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): II. Growth and quality of grape and wine in response to elevated CO2 concentrations. Eur J Agron 14:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00093-9
Brown MB, Forsythe AB (1974) Robust tests for equality of variances. J Am Stat Assoc 69:364–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1974.10482955
Camargo AP, Camargo MBP (2001) Definição e esquematização das fases fenológicas do cafeeiro arábica nas condições tropicais do Brasil. Bragantia 60:65–68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0006-87052001000100008
Centritto M, Lucas ME, Jarvis PG (2002) Gas exchange, biomass, whole-plant water-use efficiency and water uptake of peach (Prunus persica) seedlings in response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration and water availability. Tree Physiol 22:699–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/2210699
Chen K, Hu GQ, Keuthen N, Blakne M, Lenz F (1997) Effects of CO2 concentration on strawberry. II Leaf photosynthetic function Angewandte Botanik 71:173–178
Chen K, Hu GQ, Lenz F (2002) Effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration on apple trees. II Dry mass production Gartenbauwissenschaft 67(1):28–33
DaMatta FM, Grandis A, Arenque BC, Buckeridge MS (2010) Impacts of climate changes on crop physiology and food quality. Food Res Int 43:1814–1823. https://doi.org/10.1016/jfoodres200911001
DaMatta FM, Godoy AG, Menezes-Silva PE et al (2016) Sustained enhancement of photosynthesis in coffee trees grown under free-air CO2 enrichment conditions: disentangling the contributions of stomatal, mesophyll, and biochemical limitations. J Exp Bot 167:341–352. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv463
DaMatta FM, Rahn E, Läderach P, Ghini R, Ramalho JC (2019) Why could the coffee crop endure climate change and global warming to a greater extent than previously estimated? Clim Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2346-4
Damour G, Simonneau T, Cochard H, Urban L (2010) An overview of models of stomatal conductance at the leaf level. Plant Cell Environ 33:1419–1438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j1365-3040201002181x
Davidson AM, Da Silva D, Saa S, Mann P, DeJong TM (2016) The influence of elevated CO2 on the photosynthesis, carbohydrate status, and plastochron of young peach (Prunus persica) trees. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 57:364–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-016-0047-3
de Oliveira RR, Cesarino I, Mazzafera P, Dornelas MC (2014) Flower development in Coffea arabica L: new insights into MADS-box genes. Plant Reprod 27(2):9–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-014-0242-2
Drinnan JE, Menzel CM (1995) Temperature affects vegetative growth and flowering of coffee (Coffea arabica L). J Hortic Sci 70:25–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316199511515269
EMBRAPA (2013) Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos—SiBCS. 3rd edition, Brasília p 353
Ewert F, Rounsevell MDA, Reginster I, Metzger MJ, Leemans R (2005) Future scenarios of European agricultural land use: I Estimating changes in crop productivity. Agr Ecosyst Environ 107(2–3):101–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/jagee200412003
Fatichi S, Leuzinger S, Körner C (2014) Moving beyond photosynthesis: from carbon source to sink-driven vegetation modeling. New Phytol 201:1086–1095. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph12614
Figueiredo LP, Borém FM, Ribeiro FC et al (2015) Fatty acid profiles and parameters of quality of specialty coffees produced in different Brazilian regions. Afr J Agric Res 10(35):3484–3493. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR20159697
Fujisawa M, Kobayashi K (2010) Apple (Malus pumila var domestica) phenology is advancing due to rising air temperature in northern Japan. Glob Change Biol 16:2651–2660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j1365-2486200902126x
Ghini R, Torre-Neto A, Dentzien AFM et al (2015) Coffee growth, pest and yield responses to free-air CO2 enrichment. Clim Change 132:307–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1422-2
Graaff MA, Van Groenigen KJ, Six J, Hungate B, Van Kessel C (2006) Interactions between plant growth and soil nutrient cycling under elevated CO2: a meta-analysis. Glob Change Biol 12(2077–209):1. https://doi.org/10.1111/j1365-2486200601240x
Haarer AE (1958) Modern Coffee Production. Leonard Hill, London
Habermann G, Ellsworth PFV, Cazoto JL et al (2011) Leaf paraheliotropism in Styrax camporum confers increased light use efficiency and advantageous photosynthetic responses rather than photoprotection. Environ Exper Bot 71:10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/jenvexpbot201010012
Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ et al. (2001) Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Huxley PA, Ismail SAH (1969) Floral atrophy and fruit set in arabica coffee in Kenya. Turrialba 19:345–354
Idso SB, Kimball BA (1997) Effects of long-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the growth and fruit production of sour orange trees. Glob Change Biol 3:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1046/j1365-2486199700053x
Idso SB, Idso KE (2001) Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on plant constituents related to animal and human health. Environ Exper Bot 45:179–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(00)00091-5
Jablonski LM, Wang X, Curtis PS (2002) Plant reproduction under elevated CO2 conditions: a meta-analysis of reports on 79 crop and wild species. New Phytol 156:9–26. https://doi.org/10.1046/j1469-8137200200494x
Kimball BA, Idso SB, Johnson S, Rillig MC (2007) Seventeen years of carbon dioxide enrichment of sour orange trees: Final results. Glob Change Biol 13(10):2171–2183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01430.x
Kizildeniz T, Mekni I, Santesteban H et al (2015) Effects of climate change including elevated CO2 concentration, temperature and water deficit on growth, water status, and yield quality of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars. Agr Water Manage 159:155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/jagwat201506015
Leakey ADB, Ainsworth EA, Bernacchi CJ et al (2009) Elevated CO2 effects on plant carbon, nitrogen, and water relations: six important lessons from FACE. J Exp Bot 60:2859–2876. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp096
Lingle RT (2011) The coffee cupper´s handbook: systematic guide to the sensory evaluation of coffee´s flavor. 4th ed, SCAA Long Beach.
Magalhaes AC, Angelocci LR (1976) Sudden alterations in water balance associated with flower bud opening in coffee plants 51(3):419–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589197611514707
Majerowicz N, Söndahl MR (2005) Induction and differentiation of reproductive buds in Coffea arabica L Braz. J Plant Physiol 17(2):247–254. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202005000200008
Martins E, Oliveira LEA, Santos LPS, Mendonça JMA, Souza PS (2015) Weather influence in yield and quality coffee produced in south Minas Gerais region. Coffee Sci 10(4):499–506. https://doi.org/10.25186/csv10i4959
Matsunaga FT, Tosti JB, Androcioli-Filho A et al (2016) Strategies to reconstruct 3D Coffea arabica L plant structure. SpringerPlus 5(1):2075. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3762-4
Mendes AJT, Medina DM (1955) Controle genético dos "frutos chochos" no café "Mundo Novo". Bragantia 14(9):87–99
Menezes-Silva P, Sanglard LMVP, Ávila RT, Morais LE, Martins SCV, Nobres P, Patreze CM, Ferreira MA, Araújo WL, Fernie AR, DaMatta FM (2017) Photosynthetic and metabolic acclimation to repeated drought events play key roles in drought tolerance in coffee. J Exp Bot 68(15):4309–4322. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx211
Nock CA, Baker PJ, Wanek W et al (2011) Long-term increases in intrinsic water-use efficiency do not lead to increased stem growth in a tropical monsoon forest in western Thailand. Glob Change Biol 17:1049–1063. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02222.x
Quéré C, Andrew RM, Friedlingstein P et al (2018) Global Carbon Budget 2018. Earth System Science Data 10:2141–2194. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018
Rakocevic M, Matsunaga FT (2018) Variations in leaf growth parameters within the tree structure of adult Coffea arabica in relation to seasonal growth, water availability and air carbon dioxide concentration. Ann Bot 122:117–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy042
Rakocevic M, Ribeiro RV, Marchiori PER, Filizola HF, Batista ER (2018a) Structural and functional changes in coffee trees after 4 years under free air CO2 enrichment. Ann Bot 21:1065–1078. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy011
Rakocevic M, Scholz MBS, Kitzberger CSG (2018b) Berry distributions on coffee trees cultivated under high densities modulate the chemical composition of respective coffee beans during one biannual cycle. Int J Fruit Sci 18(2):117–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553836220171422448
Ramalho JC, Rodrigues AP, Semedo JN et al (2013) Sustained photosynthetic performance of Coffea spp under long-term enhanced [CO2]. PLoSONE 8:e82712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journalpone0082712
Ramalho JC, Pais IP, Leitão AE et al (2018) Can elevated air [CO2] conditions mitigate the predicted warming impact on the quality of coffee bean? Front Plant Sci 9:287. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls201800287
Ramírez F, Kallarackal J (2015) Responses of fruit trees to global climate change. Springer Briefs Plant Sci Ed 1 Springer, Heidelberg, 42. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14200-5_12
Reekie EG, Bazzaz FA (1991) Phenology and growth in four annual species grown in ambient and elevated CO2. Can J Bot 69:2475–2481. https://doi.org/10.1139/b91-307
SAS® Institute (2010) SAS/STAT ® software: usage, version 93. SAS Institute, Cary, NC
Schaffer B, Whiley AW, Searl C, Nissen RJ (1997) Leaf gas exchange, dry matter partitioning, and mineral element concentrations in mango (Mangifera indica L) as influenced by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and root restriction. J Amer Soc Horticul Sci 122:849–855. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS1226849
Scholz MBS, Kitzberger CSG, Durand N, Rakocevic M (2018) From the field to coffee cup: impact of planting design on chlorogenic acid isomers and other compounds in coffee beans and sensory attributes of coffee beverage. Eur Food Res Technol 244:1793-1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-018-3091-7
Scholz MBS, Kitzberger CSG, Pereira LFP et al (2014) Application of near infrared spectroscopy for green coffee biochemical phenotyping. J Near Infrared Spec 22:411–421. https://doi.org/10.1255/jnirs1134
Speer K, Kölling-Speer I (2006) The lipid fraction of the coffee bean. Braz J Plant Physiol 18(1):201–216. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202006000100014
Silva FM, Carvalho GR, Salvador N (1997) Mecanização da colheita do café. Informe Agropec 18(187):43–54
Silva EA, Mazzafera P (2008) Influence of temperature and water on coffee culture. Amer J Plant Sci Biotech 2:32–41
Springer CJ, Ward JK (2007) Flowering time and elevated atmospheric. CO2New Phytologist, 176, 243–255 DOI: 10.1111/j1469–8137200702196x
Sreeharsha RV, Sekhar KM, Reddy AR (2015) Delayed flowering is associated with lack of photosynthetic acclimation in Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L) grown under elevated CO2. Plant Sci 231:82–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/jplantsci201411012
Sun P, Mantri N, Lou H et al (2012) Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on yield and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) at two levels of nitrogen application. PLoSOne 7(7):e41000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journalpone0041000
Wei Z, Du T, Li X, Fang L, Liu F (2018) Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and N fertilization on yield and quality of tomato grown under reduced irrigation regimes. Front Plant Sci 9:328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls201800328
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Embrapa Environment (Jaguariúna-SP) and "Consórcio Pesquisa Café" [02.13.02.042.00.03].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors participated in data collection, analyses and manuscript confection.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rakocevic, M., Braga, K.S.M., Batista, E.R. et al. The vegetative growth assists to reproductive responses of Arabic coffee trees in a long-term FACE experiment. Plant Growth Regul 91, 305–316 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00607-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00607-2