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GABA shunt: a key-player in mitigation of ROS during stress

  • Review paper
  • Published:
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Abstract

Unfavorable environmental conditions such as heat, cold, drought, metal/metalloid toxicity, and pathogens enhance production of intra-and inter-cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. ROS, acting as signaling molecules, activate signal transduction pathways in response to various stresses. Alternatively, ROS cause irreversible cellular damage due to lipid peroxidation, oxidation of protein, inactivation of enzymes, DNA damage, and interact with other vital constituents of plant cells through their strong oxidative properties, which drastically alter plant morphological structures, becoming disadvantageous for survival and productivity. Higher plants have complex defense systems to scavenge ROS. Being a central molecule of the defense system, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is ubiquitous from prokaryotes to eukaryotes cells. GABA helps mitigate ROS in plants and GABA shunt pathway plays a key role either as metabolites or endogenous signaling molecules in several regulatory mechanisms under stress conditions. The GABA transporters (GATs) being activated with the attachment of GABA under environmental stress stimuli facilitate high content of Ca2+ into the cytosol. Ca2+ combines with calmodulin (CaM) -binding domain that activates the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme for the conversion of glutamate into GABA. This synchronized process regulates GABA shunt gene expressions under stress conditions and improves defense mechanisms in plants. This review highlights the regulatory aspects of GABA shunt pathway for ROS production as well as in the defense mechanism of plants.

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Abbreviations

AATs:

Amino acid transporters

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ALDH:

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

ALMT:

Aluminum-activated malate transporter

Al:

Aluminium

AtGABP:

Arabidopsis thaliana GABA permease

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

AtProT:

Arabidopsis thaliana proline transporter

C:

Carbon

Ca:

Calcium

Ca(NO3)2 :

Calcium nitrate

CaM:

Calmodulin or calcium-modulated

Cd:

Cadmium

Cr:

Cromium

DAO:

Diamine oxidase

ETC:

Electron transport chain

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GABA-T:

GABA transaminase

GAD:

Glutamate decarboxylase

GATs:

GABA transporters

GHB:

γ-Hydroxybutyric acid

H+ :

Proton

HO2 • :

Hydroperoxyl radical

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

LeProT:

Solanum lycopersicum proline transporter

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MDH:

Malate dehydrogenase

N:

Nitrogen

NAD+ :

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate + hydrogen

O2 •− :

Superoxide radical

1O2 :

Singlet oxygen

OH• :

Hydroxyl radical

ONOO• :

Peroxynitrite

PAs:

Polyamines

PAO:

Polyamine oxidase

PSI:

Photosystem I

PSII:

Photosystem II

Pro:

Proline

ProTs:

Proline transporters

PYRR:

Pyrroline

PYRRDH:

Pyrroline dehydrogenase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RO• :

Alkoxy radical

ROO• :

Peroxy radical

SSA:

Succinic semialdehyde

SSADH:

Semialdehyde dehydrogenase

SSR:

Succinic semialdehyde reductase

TRX:

Thioredoxin

UV:

Ultra violet

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge very gratefully the past and present candidates of my laboratory as well as my scientific collaborator. Thanks are also due to Department of Science and Technology (Science and Engineering Research Board), Government of India, for their financial support to Mohammad Israil Ansari (Grant No. CRG/2018/000267). We acknowledge Md. Mahabub Alam, Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, for his critical readings of the manuscript draft.

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  1. Mohammad Israil Ansari and Syed Uzma Jalil contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226 007, India

    Mohammad Israil Ansari

  2. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 226 010, India

    Syed Uzma Jalil

  3. Institute of Forest Research and Productivity, Ranchi, 835 303, India

    Shamim Akhtar Ansari

  4. Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

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  1. Mohammad Israil Ansari
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Conceptualization, M.I.A. and M.H.; writing—original draft preparation, M.I.A., S.U.J; writing—review and editing, M.H., SAA, MIA; visualization, S.U.J., M.H.; supervision, M.I.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mirza Hasanuzzaman.

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Ansari, M.I., Jalil, S.U., Ansari, S.A. et al. GABA shunt: a key-player in mitigation of ROS during stress. Plant Growth Regul 94, 131–149 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00710-y

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