Skip to main content
Log in

Student and faculty attributions of attrition in high and low-completing doctoral programs in the United States

  • Published:
Higher Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sixty doctoral students and 34 faculty members were interviewed in departments identified as having high and low doctoral student completion rates at one institution in the United States in order to examine the cultural contexts and structures that facilitate or hinder doctoral student completion. This paper outlines the differences in understandings of doctoral student attrition by role and by department using attribution theory. Implications for policy, practice, and further research are included.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Attiyeh, G. (1999). Determinants of persistence of graduate students in Ph.D. programs. Princeton: Educational Testing Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, L. L. (1993). Using research and theoretical models of graduate student progress. In L. L. Baird (Ed.), Increasing graduate student retention and degree attainment (pp. 3–12). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berelson, B. (1960). Graduate education in the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, H. M., & Ferber, M. A. (1983). Men and women graduate students: who succeeds and why? The Journal of Higher Education, 54(6), 629–648. doi:10.2307/1981934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A. (1973). The characteristics of subject matter in different academic areas. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 195–203. doi:10.1037/h0034701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (2003). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, W. G., & Rudenstine, N. L. (1992). In pursuit of the Ph.D. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, D. J., Gates, S. M., & Goldman, C. A. (2001). In pursuit of prestige: Strategy and competition in U.S. higher education. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. (2003). Carnegie Initiative on the Doctorate: Brief Overview. Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/CID/index.htm.

  • Clark, S. M., & Corcoran, M. (1986). Perspectives on the professional socialization of women faculty: a case of accumulative disadvantage? The Journal of Higher Education, 57, 20–43. doi:10.2307/1981464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, M. M., & Swanson, A. (1978). The interaction of student and program variables for the purpose of developing a model for predicting graduation from graduate programs over a 10-year period. Research in Higher Education, 8, 83–91. doi:10.1007/BF00985858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Council of Graduate Schools. (2004). Ph.D. completion and attrition: Policy, numbers, leadership, and next steps. Washington, DC: Council of Graduate Schools.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Graduate Schools. (2005). The doctor of philosophy degree: A policy statement. Washington, DC: Council of Graduate Schools.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Graduate Schools. (2008). Ph.D. completion and attrition: Analysis of baseline program data from the Ph.D. completion project. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, E. M. (2001). The impact of race and gender on graduate school socialization, satisfaction with doctoral study, and commitment to degree completion. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 25, 30–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ethington, C. A., & Pisani, A. (1993). The RA and TA experience: impediments and benefits to graduate study. Research in Higher Education, 34(3), 343–354. doi:10.1007/BF00991848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, S. K. (2007). “I heard it through the grapevine”: doctoral student socialization in chemistry and history. Higher Education, 54, 723–740. doi:10.1007/s10734-006-9020-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girves, J. E., & Wemmerus, V. (1988). Developing models of graduate student degree progress. The Journal of Higher Education, 59(2), 163–189. doi:10.2307/1981691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, B. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Mill Valley: Sociology press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golde, C. M. (1998). Beginning graduate school: Explaining first-year doctoral attrition. In M. S. Anderson (Ed.), The experience of being in graduate school: An exploration (pp. 55–64). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golde, C. M. (2005). The role of the department and discipline in doctoral student attrition: lessons from four departments. The Journal of Higher Education, 76, 669–700. doi:10.1353/jhe.2005.0039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golde, C. M., & Dore, T. M. (2001). At cross purposes: What the experiences of doctoral students reveal about doctoral education. Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http://www.phd-survey.org.

  • Gonzalez, J. C. (2006). Academic socialization experiences of Latina doctoral students: a qualitative understanding of support systems that aid and challenges that hinder the process. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 5(4), 347–365. doi:10.1177/1538192706291141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herzig, A. H. (2004a). Becoming mathematicians: women and students of color choosing and leaving doctoral mathematics. Review of Educational Research, 74(2), 171–214. doi:10.3102/00346543074002171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herzig, A. H. (2004b). ‘Slaughtering this beautiful math’: graduate women choosing and leaving mathematics. Gender and Education, 16(3), 379–395. doi:10.1080/09540250042000251506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House, J. D., & Johnson, J. J. (1993). Graduate record examination scores and academic background variables as predictors of graduate degree completion. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(2), 551–556. doi:10.1177/0013164493053002025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lott, J., & Gardner, S. K. (2008). Doctoral student attrition in the STEM fields: an exploration of event history analysis. The Journal of College Student Retention (in press).

  • Lovitts, B. E. (1996). Who is responsible for graduate student attrition—the individual or the institution? Toward an explanation of the high and persistent rate of attrition. New York: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovitts, B. E. (2001). Leaving the ivory tower: The causes and consequences of departure from doctoral study. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher, M. A., Ford, M. E., & Thompson, C. M. (2004). Degree progress of women doctoral students: factors that constrain, facilitate, and differentiate. The Review of Higher Education, 27(3), 385–408. doi:10.1353/rhe.2004.0003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margolis, E., & Romero, M. (1998). “The department is very male, very white, very old, and very conservative”: the functioning of the hidden curriculum in graduate sociology departments. Harvard Educational Review, 68, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, A. C. (2001). The Carnegie classification of institutions of higher education. Menlo Park: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Science Foundation. (2004). Alliances for graduate education and the professoriate. Retrieved February 26, 2006, from http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2004/nsf04575/nsf04575.htm.

  • Nerad, M., & Miller, D. S. (1996). Increasing student retention in graduate and professional programs. In J. G. Haworth (Ed.), Assessing graduate and professional education: Current realities, future prospects (pp. 61–76). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nerad, M., & Miller, D. S. (1997). The institution cares: Berkeley’s efforts to support dissertation writing in the humanities and social sciences. In L. F. Goodchild, K. E. Green, E. L. Katz, & R. C. Kluever (Eds.), Rethinking the dissertation process: Tackling personal and institutional obstacles (pp. 75–90). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nettles, M. T., & Millett, C. M. (2006). Three magic letters: Getting to Ph.D. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, K. A. (1994). Changing doctoral degrees: An international perspective. Suffolk: Edmundsbury press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pion, G. M. (2001). The early career progress of NRSA predoctoral trainees and fellows (No. 00–4900): National Institutes of Health.

  • Price, J. (2006). Does a spouse slow you down?: Marriage and graduate student outcomes. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Smallwood, S. (2004). Doctor dropout. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. 19A.

  • The Carnegie Foundation. (2005). The Carnegie classification of institutions of higher education. Retrieved September 12, 2007, from http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/index.asp.

  • Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition (2nd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. News and World Report. (2007). America’s best graduate schools. U.S. News and World Report.

  • Walker, G. E., Golde, C. M., Jones, L., Conklin Bueschel, A., & Hutchings, P. (2008). The formation of scholars: Rethinking doctoral education for the twenty-first century. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1995). Attribution theory in organizational behavior: A relationship of mutual benefit. In M. J. Martinko, B. Weiner, & R. G. Lord (Eds.), Attribution theory: An organizational perspective (pp. 3–6). Boca Raton: CRC press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwick, R. (1991). Differences in graduate school attainment patterns across academic programs and demographic groups. Princeton: Minority Graduate Education Project, Educational Testing Service and Graduate Record Examinations.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan K. Gardner.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gardner, S.K. Student and faculty attributions of attrition in high and low-completing doctoral programs in the United States. High Educ 58, 97–112 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-008-9184-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-008-9184-7

Keywords

Navigation