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The mechanisms of air pollution and particulate matter in cardiovascular diseases

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Abstract

Clinical and epidemiological studies demonstrate that short- and long-term exposure to air pollution increases mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Given the increased industrialization and the increased sources of pollutants (i.e., cars exhaust emissions, cigarette smoke, industry emissions, burning of fossil fuels, incineration of garbage), air pollution has become a key public health issue to solve. Among pollutants, the particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid and liquid particles which differently affects human health depending on their size (i.e., PM10 with a diameter <10 μm reach the lung and PM2.5 with a diameter <2.5 μm penetrate deeper into the lung). In particular, the acute exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 increases the rate of cardiovascular deaths. Thus, appropriate interventions to reduce air pollution may promote great benefits to public health by reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several biological mechanisms have been identified to date which could be responsible for PM-dependent adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Indeed, the exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 induces sustained oxidative stress and inflammation. PM2.5 is also able to increase autonomic nervous system activation. Some potential therapeutic approaches have been tested both in pre-clinical and clinical studies, based on the intake of antioxidants from dietary or by pharmacological administration. Studies are still in progress to increase the knowledge of PM activation of intracellular pathways and propose new strategies of intervention.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants from “BEYONDSILOS, FP7-ICT-PCP,” “Campania Bioscience, PON03PE_00060_8,” and PRIN 2015EASE8Z_003.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. I.O.S, Southern Italy Hospital Institute, Medicina Futura Research, 80100, Naples, Italy

    Antonella Fiordelisi & Prisco Piscitelli

  2. Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy

    Bruno Trimarco & Daniela Sorriento

  3. Division of Cardiac Surgery, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, Via Largo d’Ippocrate, 84131, Salerno, Italy

    Enrico Coscioni & Guido Iaccarino

  4. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvator Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy

    Guido Iaccarino

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  1. Antonella Fiordelisi
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  2. Prisco Piscitelli
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  4. Enrico Coscioni
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Correspondence to Daniela Sorriento.

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Fiordelisi, A., Piscitelli, P., Trimarco, B. et al. The mechanisms of air pollution and particulate matter in cardiovascular diseases. Heart Fail Rev 22, 337–347 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-017-9606-7

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