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State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers

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Abstract

This paper presents a review of the experimental achievements related to the development of high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or CW operation and pulsed gyrotrons for many applications. In addition, this work gives a short overview on the present development status of frequency step-tunable and multi-frequency gyrotrons, coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, gyrotrons for technological and spectroscopy applications, relativistic gyrotrons, large orbit gyrotrons (LOGs), quasi-optical gyrotrons, fast- and slow-wave cyclotron autoresonance masers (CARMs), gyroklystrons, gyro-TWT amplifiers, gyrotwystron amplifiers, gyro-BWOs, gyro-harmonic converters, gyro-peniotrons, magnicons, free electron masers (FEMs), and dielectric vacuum windows for such high-power mm-wave sources. Gyrotron oscillators (gyromonotrons) are mainly used as high-power millimeter wave sources for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), stability control, and diagnostics of magnetically confined plasmas for clean generation of energy by controlled thermonuclear fusion. The maximum pulse length of commercially available 140 GHz, megawatt-class gyrotrons employing synthetic diamond output windows is 30 min (CPI and European KIT-SPC-THALES collaboration). The world record parameters of the European tube are as follows: 0.92 MW output power at 30-min pulse duration, 97.5% Gaussian mode purity, and 44% efficiency, employing a single-stage depressed collector (SDC) for energy recovery. A maximum output power of 1.5 MW in 4.0-s pulses at 45% efficiency was generated with the QST-TOSHIBA (now CANON) 110-GHz gyrotron. The Japan 170-GHz ITER gyrotron achieved 1 MW, 800 s at 55% efficiency and holds the energy world record of 2.88 GJ (0.8 MW, 60 min) and the efficiency record of 57% for tubes with an output power of more than 0.5 MW. The Russian 170-GHz ITER gyrotron obtained 0.99 (1.2) MW with a pulse duration of 1000 (100) s and 53% efficiency. The prototype tube of the European 2-MW, 170-GHz coaxial-cavity gyrotron achieved in short pulses the record power of 2.2 MW at 48% efficiency and 96% Gaussian mode purity. Gyrotrons with pulsed magnet for various short-pulse applications deliver Pout = 210 kW with τ = 20 μs at frequencies up to 670 GHz (η ≅ 20%), Pout = 5.3 kW at 1 THz (η = 6.1%), and Pout = 0.5 kW at 1.3 THz (η = 0.6%). Gyrotron oscillators have also been successfully used in materials processing. Such technological applications require tubes with the following parameters: f > 24 GHz, Pout = 4–50 kW, CW, η > 30%. The CW powers produced by gyroklystrons and FEMs are 10 kW (94 GHz) and 36 W (15 GHz), respectively. The IR FEL at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in the USA obtained a record average power of 14.2 kW at a wavelength of 1.6 μm. The THz FEL (NOVEL) at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Russia achieved a maximum average power of 0.5 kW at wavelengths 50–240 μm (6.00–1.25 THz).

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Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank M. Einat (Ariel University), A. Arzhannikov, P.V. Kalinin, G.N. Kulipanov, S.A. Kuznetsov, S.L. Sinitsky and N.A. Vinokurov (Budker INP, Novosibirsk), J.J. Feng (BVERI, Beijing), L. Ives and M.E. Read (Calabazas Creek Research), R. Magne (CEA, Cadarache), M. Blank, M.J. Cattelino, S.R. Cauffman, K. Felch, H. Jory and R. Schumacher (CPI, Palo Alto), W.A. Bongers (DIFFER, Nieuwegein), J.R. Brandon, T. Schaich, C.W.O. Thompson and C. Wort (Element 6, Charters), F. Albajar, T. Bonicelli and P. Sánchez (F4E), J.L. Doane, R. Freeman, J. Lohr, C.P. Moeller and R.A. Olstad (General Atomics, San Diego), M.V. Agapova, V.I. Kurbatov, V.E. Myasnikov, V.B. Orlov, L.G. Popov, E.A. Solujanova, E.M. Tai and S.V. Usachev (GYCOM), V.L. Bratman, Yu. Bykov, G.G. Denisov, N. Ginzburg, M.Yu. Glyavin, V.A. Goldenberg, A.N. Kuftin, A. Litvak, V.I. Malygin, V.N. Manuilov, S. Mishakin, V.V. Parshin, A. Peskov, M.I. Petelin, A.B. Pavelyev, R. Rozental, A.G. Savilov, E.V. Sokolov, V.E. Zapevalov and E.V. Zasypkin (IAP, Nizhny Novgorod), L. Luo and Q. Xue (IECAS, Beijing), W. Kasparek, C. Lechte and B. Plaum (IGVP, Stuttgart), F. Leuterer, M. Münich, J. Stober, D. Wagner and H. Zohm (IPP Garching), H. Braune, V. Erckmann and H.P. Laqua (IPP, Greifswald), C. Darbos and M. Henderson (ITER, Cadarache), K. Avramidis, E. Borie, G. Dammertz, G. Gantenbein, S. Illy, Z. Ioannidis, J. Jelonnek, J. Jin, P.C. Kalaria, W. Leonhardt, G. Link, A. Meier, D. Mellein, I. Pagonakis, B. Piosczyk, S. Ruess, T. Ruess, T. Rzesnicki, T. Scherer, M. Schmid, and C. Wu (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), M.A. Shapiro and R.J. Temkin (MIT, Cambridge), H. Asano and T. Kikunaga (MITSUBISHI, Amagasaki), S. Kubo, M. Sato, T. Shimozuma and S. Takayama (NIFS, Toki), J.P. Calame, Y. Carmel, B. Danly, A. Fliflet, H. Freund, M. Garven, S.H. Gold and B. Levush (NRL, Washington D.C.), Y. Tsunawaki (Osaka Sangyo University), J. Neilson (SLAC), S. Alberti, T. Goodman, J.-P. Hogge and M.Q. Tran (SPC, Lausanne), G.G. Sominski and O.I. Louksha (State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg), R. Phillips (Stanford University), A.W. Cross, A.D.R. Phelps and K. Ronald (Strathclyde University), E. Jerbi (Tel Aviv University), F. Legrand, V. Hermann and P. Thouvenin (THALES, Velizy), G.R. Neil (Thomas Jefferson Lab), K. Yokoo (Tohoku University Sendai), N.C. Luhmann, Jr. and D.B. McDermott (UC, Davis), L. Hongfu, Y. Liu and L. Shenggang (UESTC, Chengdu), K.R. Chu (National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei), C.-Y. Tsai (National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Hsinchu), T. Idehara, S. Mitsudo, I. Ogawa and T. Saito (University of Fukui), O. Dumbrajs (University of Latvia, Riga), T.M. Antonsen, V.L. Granatstein, W. Lawson, G.S. Nusinovich and A.N. Vlasov (University of Maryland), R.M. Gilgenbach and Y.Y. Lau (University of Michigan), T. Imai, T. Kariya and R. Minami (University of Tsukuba), J. Hirshfield (Yale University), K. Kajiwara, A. Kasugai, Y. Oda, K. Sakamoto and K. Takahashi (QST, Naka). This work could not have been done without their help, stimulating suggestions and useful discussions.

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Thumm, M. State-of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers. J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves 41, 1–140 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-019-00631-y

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