Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Moving Beyond Strawmen and Artificial Dichotomies: Adaptive Management When an Endangered Species Uses an Invasive One

  • Published:
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Evans et al. (Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2008) have attempted to enmesh me in their dispute with the Florida Bureau of Invasive Plant Management about a specific system, Kings Bay/Crystal River. In so doing, they repeatedly mischaracterize my positions in order to depict, incorrectly, invasion biology as monolithic and me as a representative of one extreme of a false dichotomy about management of introduced species. In addition, they introduce an issue irrelevant in this case (extinctions) and cite incorrect data. Proposing to manage people, manatees, introduced plants, and cyanobacteria in Kings Bay by participative adaptive management, they ignore the fact that living organisms can both disperse autonomously and hitchhike. Finally, they present few details on any aspect of their management proposal and do not address the myriad problems that have beset previous attempts at scientific adaptive management, especially at large scales. Until such a management approach is fleshed out and implemented, it is impossible to assess its validity for Kings Bay, and it is very premature to suggest it as a general model for dealing with invasive species disputes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • BirdLife International. (2000). Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clavero, M., & García-Berthou, E. (2005). Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clinton, W. J. (1999). Executive Order 13112 of February 3, 1999. Federal Register, 64(25), 6183–6186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J. H. (1975). Some mechanisms producing structure in natural communities: a model and evidence from field experiments. In M. L. Cody & J. M. Diamond (Eds.), Ecology and evolution of communities (pp. 460–490). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crooks, J. A. (2005). Lag times and exotic species: the ecology and management of biological invasions in slow-motion. Écoscience, 12, 316–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, L. S., Johnson, K. N., Bettinger, P. S., & Howard, T. E. (2001). Forest management to sustain ecological, economic, and social values (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, P. K., & Oliver, J. S. (1980). An evaluation of experimental analyses of population and community patterns in benthic marine environments. In K. R. Tenore & B. C. Coull (Eds.), Marine benthic dynamics (pp. 93–120). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Pietri, D. E. (1992). Alien shrubs in a national park: Can they help in the recovery of natural degraded forest? Biological conservation, 62, 127–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elmendorf, S., Byrnes, J., Wright, A., Olyarnik, S., Fischer, R., & Chamberlin, L. (2005). Fear and fishing in Lake Davis (DVD). Davis, California: Flag in the Ground Productions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. M., Wilkie, A. C., & Burkhardt, J. (2008). Adaptive management of nonnative species: Moving beyond the “either-or” through experimental pluralism. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. doi:10.1007/s10806-008-9118-5.

  • Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S. Department of the Interior). (2005). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; designation of critical habitat for the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus); final rule. Federal Register, 70(201), 60885–60934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurevitch, J., & Padilla, D. K. (2004). Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 470–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Innes, J., Hay, R., Flux, I., Bradfield, P., Speed, H., & Jansen, P. (1999). Successful recovery of North Island kokako Callaeas cinerea wilsoni populations, by adaptive management. Biological Conservation, 87, 201–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, F. C. (2004). Adaptive management in the Nature Conservancy. Science Chronicles, 2(4), 2–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolar, C. S., & Lodge, D. M. (2002). Ecological risk assessment for alien fishes in North America. Science, 298, 1233–1236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larmer, P. (1998). Tackling tamarisk. High Country News, 30(10), 1, 8–10, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. N. (2001). Appraising adaptive management. In L. E. Buck, C. C. Geisler, J. Schelhas & E. Wollenberg (Eds.), Biological diversity: balancing interests through adaptive collaborative management (pp. 3–26). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, S., Browne, M., & Boudjelas, S. (2000). 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species. Auckland, New Zealand: Invasive Species Specialist Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Policansky, D. (1986). North Pacific halibut fishery management. Case study. In Committee on Applications of Ecological Theory to Environmental Problems, National Research Council (U.S.), Ecological knowledge and environmental problem-solving (pp. 137–150). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

  • Provencher, L., Herring, B. J., Gordon, D. R., Rodgers, H. L., Tanner, G. W., Hardesty, J. L., et al. (2001). Longleaf pine and oak responses to hardwood reduction techniques in fire-suppressed sandhills in northwest Florida. Forest Ecology and Management, 148, 63–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichard, S. H., & Hamilton, C. W. (1997). Predicting invasions of woody plants introduced into North America. Conservation Biology, 11, 193–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rejmánek, M., & Richardson, D. M. (1996). What attributes make some plant species more invasive? Ecology, 77, 1655–1661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagoff, M. (2005). Do non-native species threaten the natural environment? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 18, 215–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sainsbury, K. J. (1988). The ecological basis of multispecies fisheries, and management of a demersal fishery in tropical Australia. In J. A. Guilland (Ed.), Fish population dynamics (2nd ed., pp. 349–382). New York: Wiley: Fish population dynamics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sainsbury, K. J., Campbell, R. A., Lindholm, R., & Whitelaw, A. W. (1997). Experimental management of an Australian multispecies fishery: examining the possibility of trawl-induced habitat modification. In E. K. Pikitch, D. D. Huppert & M. P. Sissenwine (Eds.), Global trends: fisheries management (pp. 107–112). Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2001). Handbook of the convention on biological diversity. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrader-Frechette, K. S., & McCoy, E. D. (1993). Method in ecology. Strategies for conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D. (2004). Community ecology: is it time to move on? American Naturalist, 163, 787–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D. (2005a). Non-native species do threaten the natural environment! Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 18, 595–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D. (2005b). The politics of assessing risk for biological invasions: the USA as a case study. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 216–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stankey, G. H., Bormann, B. T., Ryan, C., Shindler, B., Sturtevant, V., Clark, R. N., et al. (2003). Adaptive management and the Northwest Forest Plan: rhetoric and reality. Journal of Forestry, 101, 40–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, C. J. (1986). Adaptive management of natural resources. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, C. J., & Hilborn, R. (1976). Adaptive control of fishing systems. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33, 145–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, C. J., & Holling, C. S. (1990). Large-scale management experiments and learning by doing. Ecology, 71, 2060–2068.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westbrooks, R. (1998). Invasive plants, changing the landscape of America: Fact book. Washington, DC: Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds.

  • Williams, P. A. (1983). Secondary vegetation succession on the Port Hills Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 21, 237–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. A. (1984). Woody weeds and native vegetation–a conservation problem. In P. R. Dingwall (ed.), Protection and parks. Essays in preservation of natural values in protected areas. Proceedings of section A4e, 15th Pacific Science Congress (pp. 61–66). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Lands and Survey.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel Simberloff.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Simberloff, D. Moving Beyond Strawmen and Artificial Dichotomies: Adaptive Management When an Endangered Species Uses an Invasive One. J Agric Environ Ethics 22, 73–80 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-008-9126-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-008-9126-5

Keywords

Navigation