Abstract
In this paper, a 1-bit modified full adder (MFA) cell is proposed. This eliminates the carry propagation during the addition by allowing errors in the carry bit. Using the proposed MFA, a 16-bit high speed error tolerant adder (HSETA) circuit is designed with conventional carry select adder (CSLA) structure for higher order bits and MFA based structure for lower order bits. The performance of HSETA is compared with existing adders in terms of accuracy, gate count, delay and power dissipation. The gate count of the HSETA is reduced by 23% and speed is improved by 43% compared to a conventional 16-bit adder structure. Further, implementation on FPGA Spartan 6 shows that HSETA uses 53% fewer LUT and 63% fewer slices compared to the conventional adder. Image blending application is used to evaluate the performance of the HSETA. In addition, to perform extensive error analysis, an analytical model is developed for HSETA and tested for varying bit widths and input probabilities. The analytical model is validated through simulation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adnan AN, Rizwan A, Damian D, Ronald FD (2015) Designing energy-efficient approximate adders using parallel genetic algorithms. Proc. SoutheastCon 1–7
Andrew B, Seokhyeong K (2012) Accuracy-configurable adder for approximate arithmetic designs. Proc 49th ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Autom Conf. doi: 10.1145/2228360.2228509
Cong L, Jie H, Fabrizio L (2015) An analytical framework for evaluating the error characteristics of approximate adders. IEEE Trans Comput 64(5):1268–1281. doi:10.1109/TC.2014.2317180
Darjn E, Gerardo C, Davide DC, Ettore N, Nicola P, Antonio GM (2016) Approximate adder with output correction for error tolerant applications and Gaussian distributed inputs. Proc IEEE Int Symp Circuits Sys:1970–1973. doi:10.1109/ISCAS.2016.7538961
Garg B, Dutt S, Sharma GK (2016) Bit-width-aware constant-delay run-time accuracy programmable adder for error-resilient applications. Microelectron J 50:1–7
Haider AF, Almurib T, Nandhakumar, Fabrizio L (2016) Inexact Designs for Approximate Low Power Addition by Cell Replacement. Proc. Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. 660–665
Honglan J, Jie H, Fabrizio L (2015) A comparative review and evaluation of approximate adders. Proc 25th Ed Great Lakes Symp VLSI 343–348. doi: 10.1145/2742060.2743760
Ing CL, Yi MY, Cheng CL (2015) High-performance low-power carry speculative addition with variable latency. IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr (VLSI) Sys 23(9):1591–1603
Irina A, Lau KT (2017) Approximate adder for low-power computations. Int J Electron Lett 5(2):158–165
Jothin R, Vasanthanayaki C (2016) High performance significance approximation error tolerance adder for image processing applications. J Electron Test 32(3):377–383
Junjun H, Weikang Q (2015) A New Approximate Adder with Low Relative Error and Correct Sign Calculation. Proc. Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. 1449–1454
Kim S, Kim Y (2016) Energy-efficient hybrid adder design by using inexact lower bits adder. Proc IEEE Asia Pacific Conf Circuits Sys 355–357. doi: 10.1109/APCCAS.2016.7803974
Li L, Hai Z (2014) On error modeling and analysis of approximate adders. Proc IEEE/ACM Int Conf Comput-Aided Des 511–518. doi: 10.1109/ICCAD.2014.7001399
Manikantta R, Nithin K, Dheeraj S, Vasantha M H (2015) Low power, high speed error tolerant multiplier using approximate adders. Proc 19th Int Symp VLSI Des Test (VDAT) 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ISVDAT.2015.7208150
Melvin A, Haiyang Z (2006) Error-tolerance and multi-media. Proc Int Conf Intell Inf Hiding Multimed Signal Proces. doi: 10.1109/IIH-MSP.2006.265055
Mohapatra D, Chippa V, Raghunathan A, K. Roy (2011) Design of voltage-scalable meta-functions for approximate computing. Proc Des, Autom Test Eur Conf Exhib 1–6. doi: 10.1109/DATE.2011.5763154
Muhammad S, Rehan H, Semeen R, Jörg H (2016) Cross-layer approximate computing: from logic to architectures. Proc 53rd Ann Des Autom Conf 1–6 doi: 10.1145/2897937.2905008
Muhammad KA, Osman H, Muhammad S (2017) Statistical error analysis for low power approximate adders. Proc 54th Ann Des Autom Conf. doi: 10.1145/3061639.3062319
Ning Z, Wang LG, Kiat SY (2009) An enhanced low-power high-speed Adder For Error-Tolerant application. Proc. 12th Int Symp Integr Circuits. 69–72
Ning Z, Wang LG, Weija Z, Kiat SY, Zhi HK (2010) Design of low-Power High-Speed Truncation-Error-Tolerant Adder and its Application in digital signal processing. IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr Sys 18(8):1225–1229
Ning Z, Wang LG, Gang W, Kiat SY (2010) Enhanced low-power high-speed adder for error-tolerant application. Proc. International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC). 323–327
Omid A, Mehdi K, Ali AK, Pedram M (2016) RAP-CLA: a reconfigurable approximate carry look-ahead adder. IEEE Trans Circuits Sys II : Express Briefs 99:1–1. doi:10.1109/TCSII.2016.2633307
Pawan S, Malathi P, Manish S (2015) Design of low power inexact 4:2 compressor using approximate adder. Proc Int Conf Comput, Commun Control 1–5. doi: 10.1109/IC4.2015.7375577
Radek H, Vojtech M, Zdenek V (2016) Automatic Design of Approximate Circuits by means of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. Proc Int Conf Des Technol Integr Sys Nanoscale Era 1–6. doi: 10.1109/DTIS.2016.7483885
Ramkumar B, Harish M (2012) Low-power and area-efficient carry select adder. IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr Sys 20(2):371–375
Rong Y, Ting W, Feng Y, Rakesh K, Qiang X (2013) On reconfiguration-oriented approximate adder design and its application. Proc. IEEE/ACM Int Conf Comput-Aided Des 48–54. doi: 10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691096
Rui Z, Weikang Q (2016) A general sign bit error correction scheme for approximate adders. Proc Int Great Lakes Symp VLSI 221–226. doi: 10.1145/2902961.2903012
Sakthivel R, Harish M (2014) Energy efficient low area error tolerant adder with higher accuracy. J Circuits, Sys, Signal Process 33(8):2625–2641
Sana M, Osman H, Rehan H, Muhammad S, Jörg H (2017) Probabilistic error modeling for approximate adders. IEEE Trans Comput 66(3):515–530
Sarabdeep S, Dilip K (2011) Design of Area and Power Efficient Modified Carry Select Adder. Int J Comput Appl 33(3):14–18
Statistical Error Analysis for Low Power Approximate Adders. http://save.seecs.nust.edu.pk/projects/SEALPAA
Sunghyun K, Youngmin K (2016) Adaptive approximate adder (A3) to reduce error distance for image processor. Proc Int SoC Des Conf 295–296. doi: 10.1109/ISOCC.2016.7799794
Sunil D, Sukumar N, Gaurav T (2016) A comparative survey of approximate adders. Proc 26th Int Conf Radioelektronika, doi: 10.1109/RADIOELEK.2016.7477392
Vaibhav G, Debabrata M, Anand R, Kaushik R (2013) Low-power digital signal processing using approximate adders. IEEE Trans Comput-Aided Des Integr Circuits Sys 32(1):124–137
Vincent C, Jeremy S, Christian E (2015) Energy-efficient digital design through inexact and approximate arithmetic circuits. Proc IEEE 13th Int New Circuits Sys Conf 1–4. doi: 10.1109/NEWCAS.2015.7182028
Vincent C, Jeremy S, Christian E (2016) A low-power carry cut-back approximate adder with fixed-point implementation and floating-point precision. Proc 53nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE Des Autom Conf (DAC) 1–6. doi: 10.1145/2897937.2897964
Vojtech M, Radek H, Zdenek V, Lukas S (2017) EvoApprox8b: library of approximate adders and multipliers for circuit design and benchmarking of approximation methods. Des, Autom Test Eur Conf Exhib 258–261. doi: 10.23919/DATE.2017.7926993
Weiqiang L, Linbin C, Chenghua W, Máire O, Fabrizio Lombardi (2014) Inexact floating-point adder for dynamic image processing. Proc IEEE 14th Int Conf Nanotechnol 239–243. doi: 10.1109/NANO.2014.6967953
Xu Q, Mytkowicz T, Kim NS (2015) Approximate computing: a survey. IEEE Design & Test 33(1):8–22
Yongtae K, Yong Z, Peng L (2013) An energy efficient approximate adder with carry skip for error resilient neuromorphic VLSI systems. Proc IEEE/ACM Int Conf Comput-Aided Des (ICCAD) 130–137. doi: 10.1109/ICCAD.2013.6691108
Zhixi Y, Ajaypat J, Jinghang L, Jie H, Lombardi F (2013) Approximate XOR/XNOR-based adders for inexact computing. Proc IEEE Int Conf Nanotechnol 690–693. doi:10.1109/NANO.2013.6720793
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: V. D. Agrawal
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Geetha, S., Amritvalli, P. High Speed Error Tolerant Adder for Multimedia Applications. J Electron Test 33, 675–688 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-017-5680-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-017-5680-y