Skip to main content
Log in

Empowerment of SME websites—Development of a web-empowerment scale and preliminary evidence

  • Published:
Journal of International Entrepreneurship Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web has been argued to fundamentally reshape economic conditions and business practices of firms. It is seen as a promoter of rapid internationalisation of companies, particularly small and medium enterprises. In the aftermath of the burst of the electronic-bubble business practitioners and academics look with scrutiny on successful web-strategies, relevant dimensions of online-success and try to identify viable website practices which enable long-term rewards. The literature offers a rather patchy pattern for successful web-strategies and consumer perspectives on what is expected from websites is hardly available. Within this paper, we introduce the dimension “web-empowerment”. This is a multidimensional construct comprising of consumer views on various dimensions of relevant and successful websites. The web-empowerment scale is based on a large sample from Austria, and developed according to scale development procedures. The relevance of this construct and practical issues in the context of a cross-country sample of SME’s is empirically examined. The paper concludes by offering implications for SME practitioners and for research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adam S, Deans KR (1999) Webqual: An e-commerce audit. AusWeb99 Conference, http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw99/papers/adam/paper.html

  • Ainscough TL (1996) The Internet for the Rest of Us: Marketing on the World Wide Web. J Consum Marketing 13(2):36–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JC, Gerbing DW (1988) Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psycholog. Bull, 103(3):411–423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakos YJ (1991) A Strategic Analysis of Electronic Marketplaces. MIS Quarterly 15(3):295–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes SJ, Vidgen R (2001a) An Evaluation of Cyber-Bookshops: The Webqual Method. Internal J Electr Comm 6(1):11–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes SJ, Vidgen RT (2001b) Assessing the Effect of a Web Site Redesign Initiative: An SME case study. Internal J Manage Liter 1(1):113–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes SJ, Vidgen RT (2002) An Integrative Approach to the Assessment of E-Commerce Quality. J Electr Comm Res 3(3):114–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs R, Hollis N (1997) Advertising on the web: Is There Response before Click-Through? J Advert Res 37(2):33–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley PJ, Ghauri PN (eds) (1999) The Internationalization of the Firm: A reader, 2nd edn. International Thompson Business Press, London

  • Chakraborty G, Lala V, Warren D (2002) An Empirical Investigation of Antecedents of B2b websites effectiveness. J Interact Market 16(4):51–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill GA (1979) A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. J Marketing Res 16(1):64–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coase RH (1937) The Nature of the Firm. Economica N.S. 4:386–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunliffe D (2000) Developing usable web sites-a review and model. Internet Res 10(4):295–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day A (1997) A Model for Monitoring Web Site Effectiveness. Inter Res Electr Networ Appli Policy 7(2):109–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeVellis RF (1991) Scale development–-theory and applications, Applied social research methods series, vol. 26. Neybury Park, Sage

    Google Scholar 

  • Dholakia UM, Rego LL (1998) What Makes Commercial Web Pages Popular?: An Empirical Investigation of Web Page Effectiveness. Euro J Marketing 32(7):724–736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich M (1994) Transaction Cost Economics and Beyond. Routledge, London and New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Donovan R, Rossiter J (1982) Store atmosphere: An Environmental Psychology Approach. J Retailing 58(1):34–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducoffe RH (1996) Advertising Value and Advertising on the Web. J Advert Res 36(5):21–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Fariselli P, Oughton C, Picory C, Sugden R (1999) Electronic Commerce and the Future for SMEs in a global market-place: Networking and public policies. Small Bus Econ 12(3):261–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell C, Larcker DF (1981) Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. J Marketing Res 18(1):39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foscht T (1998) Interaktive Medien in der Kommunikation: Verhaltenswissenschaftliche und Systemtheoretische Analyse der Wirkung Auf Neue Medien. Deutscher Universitätsverlag, Wiesbaden

    Google Scholar 

  • Foscht T (1999) Konsumentenverhalten im Kontext der neuen medien-analyse des verhaltenswissenschaftlichen und des systemtheoretischen erklärungsansatzes. Der Markt 150/151:139–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia LD (1995) Networking and the Rise of Electronic Commerce: The Challenge for Public Policy. Bus Econ 30(4):7

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith DA, Krampf RF (1998) An Examination of the Web-Based Strategies of the Top 100 U.S. retailers. J Marketing Theory and Practice 6(3):12–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallén L, Wiedersheim-Paul F (1979) Psychic Distance and Buyer-Seller Interaction. Organisajon, Marked og Samfund 16(5):308–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson W (2000) Principles of internet marketing. South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, Ohio

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman DL, Novak TP (1996) Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual foundations. J Marketing 60(3):50–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman DL, Novak TP, Patrali C (1995) Commercial scenarios for the web: Opportunities and challenges. J Computer-Mediated Commun 1(3):1–20, http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol21/issue23/hoffman.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland J, Baker SM (2001) Customer Participation in Creating Site Brand Loyalty. J Interact Marketing 15(4):34–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong M, Oh H, Gregoire M (2003). Conceptualizing Web Site Quality and Its Consequences in the Lodging Industry. Int J Hospitality Manage 22(2):161–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johanson J, Wiedersheim-Paul F (1975) The Internationalization of the Firm-Four Swedish Cases. J Manage Studies 12(3):305–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Kambil A (1995) Electronic commerce: Implications of the Internet for Business Practice and Strategy. Bus Econ 30(4):27

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim D (2003) The Internationalization of US internet portals: Does It Fit the Process Model of Internationalization? Marketing Intell Plan 21(1):23–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight GA, Cavusgil ST (1996) The Born Global Firm: A Challenge to Traditional Internationalization Theory. In: Cavusgil ST, Madsen TK (eds) Advances in International Marketing: Export and Internationalizing Research-Enrichment and Challenges JAI Press Inc. Greenwich, Conneticut, vol. 8. pp 11–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Leckenby JD, Hong J (1998) Using reach/frequency for web media planning. J Advert Res 38(1):7–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Loiacono ET, Watson RT, Goodhue DL (2002) Webqual: A Measure of Website Quality. AMA Winter Conference: American Marketing Association

  • Madsen TK, Servais P (1997) The Internationalization of Born Globals: An Evolutionary Process? Internal Busin Rev 6(6):561–583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malone TW, Yates J, Benjamin RI (1987) Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies: Effects of New Information Technologies on Market Structures and Corporate Strategies. The Communications of the ACM 30(6): 484–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNaughton RB (2001) A Typology of Web Site Objectives in High Technology Business Markets. Market Intellig and Plan 19(2):82–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan RF (1996) An Internet Marketing Framework for the World Wide Web (WWW). J Market Manage 12:757–775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’ Grady S, Lane HW (1996) The Psychic Distance Paradox. J Internal Busin Studies 27(2):309–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Okazaki S, Rivas JA (2002) A Content Analysis of Multinationals Web Communication Strategies: Cross-cultural Research Framework and Pre-Testing. Intern Res: Electron Network Appl Poli 12(5):380–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry M, Bodkin C (2000) Content Analysis of Fortune 100 Company Web Sites. Corp Commun: An Internal J 5(2):87–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quelch JA, Klein LR (1996) The Internet and International Marketing. Sloan Manage Rev 37(3):60–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar MB, Butler B, Steinfield C (1995) Intermediaries and cybermediaries: A Continuing Role for Mediating Players in the Electronic Marketplace. J Comput-Med Commun 1(3), http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue3/sarkar.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M (1992) Kommunikationsmodelle Für Elektronische Märkte und Mügliche Infrastrukturen Zu Deren Realisierung. Difo-Druck GmbH, Bamberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon EC, Weaver W (1949) The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan KB, Doherty C (2001). Re-weaving the web: Integrating print and online communications. J Interact Marketing 15(2):47–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shimp TA, Sharma S (1987) Consumer ethnocentrism: Construction and validation of the cetscale. J Marekting Res 24(3):280–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinfield C, Chan AP, Kraut RE (2000) Computer mediated markets: An Introduction and Preliminary Test of Market Structure Impacts. J Comput-Med Commun 5:3, http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue3/steinfield.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch LS, Luostarinen R (1988) Internationalization: Evolution of a concept. J Gen Manage 14(2):34–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen HJ, Chen H-G, Hwang H-G (2001) E-commerce web site design: Strategies and models. Info Manage Comput Security 9(1):5–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson OE (1975) Evolution of International Management Structures. Bus Hist Rev 49(4):507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson OE (1979) Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations. J Law Econ October 233–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman DE, Muraski M, Estes E, Hallmark B (1997) A Formative Evaluation Method for Designing WWW sites. Colorado State University, Fort Collins

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rudolf R. Sinkovics.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sinkovics, R.R., Penz, E. Empowerment of SME websites—Development of a web-empowerment scale and preliminary evidence. J Int Entrepr 3, 303–315 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-006-7858-8

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-006-7858-8

Keywords

Navigation