Skip to main content
Log in

Current Status and Future Perspectives for Unmanned Aircraft System Operations in the US

  • Unmanned Systems Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An aircraft (manned aircraft) may enter safely and legally into the US National Airspace System if and only if it has an airworthiness certificate complying with Federal Aviation Administration requirements. Although corresponding requirements, procedures and regulations for unmanned aircraft are in early development stages, they are expected to be similar to those set for manned aviation. This paper presents a brief overview of current airworthiness certification procedures and requirements for manned aviation, followed by a survey of the current status of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) regulations in the US but also internationally. Future perspectives of UAS regulation are discussed along with a proposed UAS classification for certification purposes, presentation of a possible certification roadmap, as well as regulatory paths for ultra-light UAS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Academy of Model Aeronautics: 2008 Official National Model Aircraft Safety Code. Effective January 1, 2008. Academy of Model Aeronautics, Muncie (2007)

  2. Access 5: Home page. http://www.access5.aero/ (2006) (no longer available)

  3. Anand, S.: Domestic use of unmanned aircraft systems: evaluation of policy constraints and the role of industry consensus standards. WISE J. Eng. Public Policy 11 (2007)

  4. ASTM International: Standard practice for application of federal aviation administration (FAA) federal regulations part 21 requirements to unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Standard F 2505 - 07 (2007)

  5. van Blyenburgh, P.: UAV systems: global review. Presented at the Avionics ’06 Conference, Amsterdam (2006)

  6. Clothier, R., Walker, R.: Determination and evaluation of uav safety objectives. In: 21st International Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems Conference, pp 18.1–18.16 (2006)

  7. Clothier, R., Walker, R., Fulton, N., Campbell, D.: A casualty risk analysis for unmanned aerial system (UAS) operations over inhabited areas. In: 12th Australian International Aerospace Congress, 2nd Australasian Unmanned Air Vehicles Conference (2007)

  8. Davis, B.: North dakota promotes unmanned systems at second action summit. Unmanned Syst. 25(3), 52 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Davis, B.: Students recommend a way ahead for UAVs in the NAS. Unmanned Syst. 25(5), 23 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Directorate of Airspace Policy, CAA: CAP 722, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operations in UK Airspace— Guidance. CAA, London (2004)

  11. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA): A-NPA, No. 16/2005, Policy for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Certification. European Aviation Safety Agency, Cologne (2005)

  12. Federal Aviation Administration: Equipment, Systems and Installations in Part 23 Airplanes. AC 23.1309-1C. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC (1999)

  13. Federal Aviation Administration: Airworthiness Certification of Aircraft and Related Products. Order 8130.2F. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC (2004)

  14. Federal Aviation Administration: AFS-400 UAS policy 05-01, Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations in the U. S. National Airspace System. Interim Operational Approval Guidance. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC (2005)

  15. Federal Aviation Administration: Aviation Safety Fiscal Year 2008 Business Plan. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC (2007)

  16. Federal Aviation Administration: FAA Flight Plan 2008-2012: Charting the Path for the Next Generation. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC (2007)

  17. Federal Aviation Administration: Unmanned Aircraft Operations in the National Airspace System. Docket No. FAA-2006-25714. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC (2007)

  18. Federal Aviation Administration: Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Questions and Answers.http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/design_approvas/uas/uas_faq/ (2007)

  19. FSF editorial staff: See what’s sharing your airspace. Flight Saf. Dig. 24(5), 1–26 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Haddon, D.R., Whittaker, C.J.: Aircraft Airworthiness Certification Standards for Civil UAVs. UK Civil Aviation Authority, London (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Haddon, D.R., Whittaker, C.J.: UK-CAA Policy for Light UAV Systems. UK Civil Aviation Authority, London (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hempe, D.: Unmanned aircraft systems in the united states. Presented to the US/Europe international safety conference (2006)

  23. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): ICAO exploratory metting on UAVs. Working Paper 2, The Sixteenth Meeting of the APANPIRG ATM/AIS/SAR Sub-Group (ATM/AIS/SAR/SG/16) (2006)

  24. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): Addressing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) accident investigation and prevention by ICAO member states. Working Paper 217, ICAO 36th Assembly (2007)

  25. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): Progress report on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) work. AFI Planning and implementation regional group sixteenth meeting (APIRG/16) (2007)

  26. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): http://www.icao.int (2007)

  27. Joint Capability Group on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: STANAG 4671—Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems Airworthiness Requirements (USAR), draft. NATO Naval Armaments Group (2007)

  28. Joint JAA/Eurocontrol Initiative on UAVs: A concept for European regulations for civil unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Final Report (2004)

  29. Montgomery, J.: Opening civil airspace to unmanned aerial systems. Unmanned Systems 24(4), 35–38 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  30. NASA: ASRS - Aviation Safety Reporting System. http://asrs.arc.nasa.gov/ (2007)

  31. New Mexico State University, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technical Analysis and Applications Center: High altitude long endurance unmanned aerial vehicle—certification and regulatory roadmap. Version 1.3. http://www.psl.nmsu.edu/uav/roadmap/ (2002)

  32. Office of Legal Counsel, Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA): CASR part 101, Unmanned Aircraft and Rocket Operations. Civil Aviation Safety Authority, Canberra (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Range Safety Group, Range Commanders Council: Common risk criteria standards for national test ranges: Supplement. Supplement to document 321–07 (2007)

  34. Schultz, R.: Ultralights, LSAs and kit airplanes – what’s the difference? Fla Aviat Bus J http://www.airportjournals.com/Display.cfm?varID=0609005 (2006)

  35. Washington Watch: FAA roadmap for UAS. Unmanned Systems 25(1), 51 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Weibel, R.E.: Safety considerations for operation of different classes of unmanned aerial vehicles in the national airspace system. Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2005)

  37. Weibel, R.E., Hansman, R.J.: Safety considerations for operation of different classes of uavs in the nas. In: AIAA 4th Aviation Tehcnology, Integration and Operations Forum, AIAA 3rd Unmanned Unlimited Technical Conference, Workshop and Exhibit (2004)

  38. Zaloga, S.: Getting civil with UAVs: how soon? Unmanned Systems 25(3), 24–26 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zinser, T.J.: Observations on faa’s oversight of aviation safety. Statement of the Acting Inspector General, US DOT before the Commitee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Aviation, US House of Representatives (2006)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Dalamagkidis.

Additional information

Unmanned Aircraft Systems have seen unprecedented levels of growth within the US and Worldwide. This invited contribution reviews their current operational status within the US aiming also at predicting their future potential.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dalamagkidis, K., Valavanis, K.P. & Piegl, L.A. Current Status and Future Perspectives for Unmanned Aircraft System Operations in the US. J Intell Robot Syst 52, 313–329 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-008-9213-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-008-9213-x

Keywords

Navigation