Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

PdCl2–Polyaniline Composite for CO Detection Applications: Electrical and Optical Response

  • Published:
Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Different mass ratios of PdCl2 were incorporated into polyaniline emeraldine base (PdCl2–PANI) by sonication in acetonitrile. The PdII-doped PANI composites readily interact with CO gas at ambient conditions (1 atm, 27 °C) resulting in the reduction of PdII ions into metallic Pd0 and the release of HCl to afford Pd0–PANI·HCl. The dramatic structural changes associated with CO exposure were examined by different spectroscopic (UV–Visible, FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD) and electrical conductivity (DC) techniques. The P-XRD data shows that the resulting nano-scale metallic Pd0 clusters (~10–15 nm) remain tightly bound to the PANI chains. The observed chemical transformation of PdCl2–PANI into Pd0–PANI·HCl as a function of exposure to CO gas was exploited to monitor this poisonous gas in CO/air mixture; the optical and DC electrical response functions were examined in solution and solid state, respectively. The DC electrical response signal is relatively ten-fold more sensitive to CO exposure (% Selectrical = 471–496 %) compared to the corresponding optical response (%Soptical at 460 nm = 40–51 %). This responsive action demonstrates that PdCl2–PANI composite can be employed as a feasible low-cost solid-state CO detecting material in chemical sensor devices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. B. Adhikari, S. Majumdar, Prog. Polym. Sci. 29, 699–766 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. J. Mizuguchi, T. Imoda, H. Takahashi, H. Yamakami, Dyes Pigment 68, 47–52 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. S. Radhaskrishnan, S.D. Deshpande, Sensors 2, 185–194 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. K.C. Persaud, Mater. Today 8(4), 38–44 (2005)

  5. F. Zee, J.W. Judy, Sens. Actuators, B 72, 120–128 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. H. Bai, G. Shi, Gas Sensors 7, 267–307 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Brady, K.T. Lau, W. Megill, G.G. Wallace, D. Diamond, Synth. Met. 154, 25–28 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. P.P. Sengupta, S. Barik, B. Adhikari, Mater. Manuf. Process. 21(3), 263–270 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Nicolas-Debarnot, F. Poncin-Epaillard, Anal. Chim. Acta 475, 1–15 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. D. Xie, Y. Jiang, W. Pan, D. Li, Z. Wu, Y. Li, Sens. Actuators B 81, 158–164 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. C. Malagu, M.C. Carotta, S. Gherardi, V. Guidi, B. Vendemiati, G. Martinelli, Sens. Actuators B 108, 70–74 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. N.M. Shaalan, T. Yamazaki, T. Kikuta, Mater. Chem. Phys. 127(1–2), 143–150 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Salehi, D.J. Kalantari, Sens. Actuators B 122(1), 69–74 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. I.J. Kim, S.D. Han, C.H. Han, J. Gwak, H.D. Lee, J.S. Wang, Sensors 6, 526–535 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. G.F. Fine, L.M. Cavanagh, A. Afonja, R. Binions, Sensors 10, 5469–5502 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Y. Wang, J.T.W. Yeow, J. Sensors 2009, 1–24 (2009)

  17. A. Dubbe, Sens. Actuators B 88, 138–148 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Y. Shimizu, M. Egashira, MRS Bull. 24, 18–24 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. S.L. Schiavo, P. Piraino, A. Bonavita, G. Micali, G. Rizzo, G. Neri, Sens. Actuators B 129(2), 772–778 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Hübner, C.E. Simion, A. Haensch, N. Barsan, U. Weimar, Sens. Actuators B 151(1), 103–106 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. K. Weissermal, H.-J. Arpe, Industrial Organic Chemistry, 4th edn. (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003), pp. 15–52

    Book  Google Scholar 

  22. S. Watcharaphalakorn, L. Ruangchuay, D. Chotpattananont, A. Sirivat, J. Schwank, Polym. Int. 54, 1126–1133 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. B.W. Koo, C.K. Song, C. Kim, Sens. Actuators B 77, 432–436 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Y. Wanna, N. Srisukhumbowornchai, A. Tuantranont, A. Wisitsoraat, N. Thavarungkul, P. Singjai, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6(12), 3893–3896 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. M.K. Ram, O. Yavuz, V. Lahsangah, M. Aldissi, Sens. Actuators B 106, 750–757 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. V. Dixit, S.C.K. Misra, B.S. Sharma, Sens. Actuators B 104, 90–93 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. N. Densakulprasert, L. Wannatong, D. Chotpattananont, P. Hiamtup, A. Sirivat, J. Schwank, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 117, 276–282 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. S.C.K. Misra, P. Mathur, B.K. Srivastava, Sens. Actuators A 114, 30–35 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Huang, S. Virji, B.H. Weiller, R.B. Kaner, Chem. Eur. J. 10, 1315–1319 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. S.X. Xing, C. Zhao, S.Y. Jing, Y. Wu, Z.C. Wang, Eur. Polym. J. 42, 2730–2735 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. N.N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements (Butterworth–Heinemann Ltd, Oxford, 1995), pp. 306–310

    Google Scholar 

  32. L. Torsi, M. Pezzuto, P. Siciliano, R. Rella, L. Sabbatini, L. Valli, P.G. Zambonin, Sens. Actuators B 48, 362–367 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. M.S. Silverstein, H.W. Tai, A. Sergienko, Y.L. Lumelsky, S. Pavlovsky, Polymer 46, 6682–6694 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Virji, J.D. Fowler, C.O. Baker, J.X. Huang, R.B. Kaner, B.H. Weiller, Small 1, 624–627 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Sharma, C. Nirkhe, S. Pethkar, A.A. Athawale, Sens. Actuators B 85, 131–136 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Y.C. Liu, B.J. Hwang, W.C. Hsu, J. Solid State Electrochem. 6, 351–356 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. J.Z. Wang, I. Matsubara, N. Murayama, S. Woosuck, N. Izu, Thin Solid Films 514, 329–333 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. N. Parvatikar, S. Jain, S.V. Bhoraskar, M. Prasad, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 102, 5533–5537 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. A.Z. Sadek, W. Wlodarski, K. Shin, R.B. Kaner, K. Kalantar-zadeh, Nanotechnology 17, 4488–4492 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. O.P. Dimitriev, Macromolecules 37, 3388–3395 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. D. Saio, T. Amaya, T. Hirao, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 19(1), 79–84 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. L. Li, G. Yan, J. Wu, X. Yu, Q. Guo, Z. Ma, Z. Huang, J. Polym. Res. 16(4), 421–426 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. A.A. Athawale, S.V. Bhagwat, P.P. Katre, Sens. Actuators B 114(1), 263–267 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. K. Mallick, M. Witcomb, M. Scurrell, Platin. Met. Rev. 51(1), 3–15 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. T. Moriuchi, T. Hirao Acc, Chem. Res. 45(3), 347–360 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Higuchi, D. Imoda, T. Hirao, Macromolecules 29(25), 8277–8279 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. T. Amaya, D. Saio, T. Hirao, Macromol. Symp. 270(1), 88–94 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. T. Moriuchi, S. Bandoh, M. Miyaishi, T. Hirao, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 3, 651–657 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. N. Gospodinova, L. Terlemezyan, Prog. Polym. Sci. 23, 1443–1484 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. T. Okabayashi, T. Yamamoto, E.Y. Okabayashi, M. Tanimoto, J. Phys. Chem. A 115(10), 1869–1877 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Y. Hammam, H.M. El-Ghanem, I.M. Arafa, M.R. Said, I. Abo-Aljarayesh, Polym. Int. 56, 376–380 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Y. Wan, H. Wang, Q. Zhao, M. Klingstedt, O. Terasaki, D. Zhao, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 4541–4550 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. X. Zhou, Y. Barshad, E. Gulari, Chem. Eng. Sci. 41(5), 1277–1284 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their appreciation for the financial support from the Deanship of Research at Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan

    Isam M. Arafa & Khetam A. Bani-Doumi

  2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan

    Hassan M. El-Ghanem

  3. College of Science, University of Ha`il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha`il, Saudi Arabia

    Khetam A. Bani-Doumi

Authors
  1. Isam M. Arafa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hassan M. El-Ghanem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Khetam A. Bani-Doumi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Isam M. Arafa.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Arafa, I.M., El-Ghanem, H.M. & Bani-Doumi, K.A. PdCl2–Polyaniline Composite for CO Detection Applications: Electrical and Optical Response. J Inorg Organomet Polym 23, 365–372 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-012-9785-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-012-9785-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation