Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Thermographic Non-destructive Evaluation of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Plates After Tensile Testing

  • Published:
Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Infrared thermography (IT) is a safe non-destructive evaluation technique that has a fast inspection rate and is generally contactless. It is used for diagnostics and monitoring in several fields including composite materials. In this paper carbon fiber-reinforced polymer plates submitted to tensile testing are inspected using IT. More specifically, carbon/polyether ether ketone panels made of random-oriented strands by compression moulding are submitted to tensile testing and then inspected using three different IT active approaches. The first two approaches use optical sources however with different scanning modes. The first active approach tested is a static surface scanning inspection in reflection mode. The second one is a dynamic line scanning technique where the energy source and camera are in movement with regards to the test sample. The last active IT approach tested uses a mechanical source (ultrasound excitation) to transfer heat to the sample being tested. This last approach is commonly called vibrothermography. Results obtained were then compared to results obtained by micro computed tomography inspection and microscopy. Results revealed voids associated with resin-rich regions as well as cracks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Balageas, D.L.: Defense and illustration of time-resolved pulsed thermography for nde. Quant. InfraRed Thermogr. J. 9(1), 3–32 (2012). doi:10.1080/17686733.2012.676902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gruss, C., Balageas, D.: Theoretical and experimental applications of the flying spot camera. Proc. QIRT 92, 19–24 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hale, J.: Boeing 787, from the ground up. Aero Mag. 24(4), 16–23 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ibarra-Castanedo, C., Maldague, X.: Infrared thermography. In: Czichos, H. (ed.) Handbook of Technical Diagnostics, pp. 175–220. Springer, Berlin (2013)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Ibarra-Castanedo, C., Bendada, A.H., Maldague, X.: Image and signal processing techniques in pulsed thermography. GESTS Int. Trans. Comput. Sci. Eng. 22(1), 89–100 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ibarra-Castanedo, C., Tarpani, J.R., Maldague, X.: Nondestructive testing with thermography. Eur. J. Phys. 34(6), S91 (2013). doi:10.1088/0143-0807/34/6/S91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lopez, F., Ibarra-Castanedo, C., Nicolau, V.P., Maldague, X.: Optimization of pulsed thermography inspection by partial least-squares regression. NDT & E Int. 66, 128–138 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Maldague, X.: Theory and Practice of Infrared Technology for Nondestructive Testing, 1st edn. Wiley, New York (2001)

  9. Mian, A., Newaz, G., Han, X., Mahmood, T., Saha, C.: Response of sub-surface fatigue damage under sonic load a computational study. Compos. Sci. Technol. 64(9), 1115–1122 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Oswald-Tranta, B., Shepard, S.: Comparison of pulse phase and thermographic signal reconstruction processing methods. In: Proceedings SPIE, Thermosense XXXV, vol. 8705, pp. 87. 050S1–9 (2013)

  11. Rajic, N.: Principal component thermography for flaw contrast enhancement and flaw depth characterisation in composite structures. Compos. Struct. 58(4), 521–528 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Renshaw, J., Chen, J.C., Holland, S.D., Thompson, R.B.: The sources of heat generation in vibrothermography. NDT & E Int. 44(8), 736–739 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rothenfusser, M.J., Homma, C.: Acoustic thermography: vibrational modes of cracks and the mechanism of heat generation. AIP Conf. Proc. 760, 624–631 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Selezneva, M., Kouwonou, K., Lessard, L., Hubert, P.: Mechanical properties of randomly oriented strands thermoplastic composites. In: S.V. Hoa, P. Hubert (eds.) Proceedings 19th International Conference on Composite Materials (Montreal, Canada, July 2013), vol. 1, pp. 480–488. (2013)

  15. Shepard, S.M.: Advances in pulsed thermography. In: Proceedings SPIE, Thermosense: thermal Infrared Applications XXVIII, vol. 4360, pp. 511–515. (2001)

  16. Shepard, S., Ahmed, T., Lhota, J.R.: Experimental considerations in vibrothermography. In: Proceedings SPIE, Thermosense XXVID, vol. 5405, pp. 332–335. (2004)

  17. Vavilov, V.P., Burleigh, D.D.: Review of pulsed thermal NDT: physical principles, theory and data processing. NDT & E Int. 73, 28–52 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Woolard, D.F., Cramer, K.E.: The thermal photocopier: a new concept for thermal ndt. In: Proceedings SPIE, Thermosense XXVI, vol. 5405, pp. 366–373. (2004)

  19. Woolard, D.F., Cramer, K.E.: Line scan versus flash thermography: comparative study on reinforced carbon-carbon. In: Proceedings SPIE, Thermosense XXVII, vol. 2782, pp. 315–323. (2005)

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank PhD student Marina Selezneva from the Structures and Composites Materials Laboratory of McGill University and NRC-Boucherville who manufactured the parts inspected in this work and performed microscopy and \(\mu \)CT inspections. The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge support provided by the Canada Research Chair in Multipolar Infrared Vision (MiViM) and the industrial partners: Bell Helicopter Textron Canada Limited, Bombardier Inc., Pratt and Whitney Canada Corp., Avior Integrated Products Inc., Delastek Inc. and Hutchinson Inc. Canada. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of the following agencies: CNPq, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - Brazil; NSERC, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; FQRNT, Quebec Fund for Research on Nature and Technology and CRIAQ, Consortium for Research and Innovation in Aerospace in Quebec.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory (CVSL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1K 7P4, Canada

    Henrique Fernandes, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo, Hai Zhang & Xavier Maldague

Authors
  1. Henrique Fernandes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hai Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xavier Maldague
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Henrique Fernandes.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fernandes, H., Ibarra-Castanedo, C., Zhang, H. et al. Thermographic Non-destructive Evaluation of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Plates After Tensile Testing. J Nondestruct Eval 34, 35 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-015-0303-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-015-0303-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation