Abstract
The focus of this work was to analyze the influence of leaf treatments on mechanical, physical and chemical properties and thermal stability of the gelatin/lotus leaf composites. Lotus leaves were treated with drinking water at 95 °C for 5 min. The gelatin/untreated lotus leaf (referred to as GUL) and the gelatin/hot water treated lotus leaf (referred to as GHL) composites have been prepared by the compression molding technique. The composites have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TAG), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Effect of the lotus leaf hand lay-up fiber orientation was studied for longitudinal, transverse and random orientation of the fibers. The tensile strength of gelatin/lotus leaf composites were influenced by the orientation of the fibers. It was found that longitudinal orientation delivered higher mechanical properties than that of the transverse and random orientation whether untreated or treated. The hot water modification of the lotus leaf was employed to improve the interfacial adhesion of the composites in order to improve the tensile properties. By using TGA analysis data and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) method, the thermal stability and degradation temperature of the lotus leaves treated with hot water were higher than those of untreated leaves. In addition, the properties of the novel bio-composites were potential in further development of biodegradable packaging materials.
References
Todkar SS, Patil SA (2019) Review on mechanical properties evaluation of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) reinforced polymer composites. Composites B. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106927
Sinha AK, Bhattacharya S, Narang HK (2019) Experimental determination and modelling of the mechanical properties of hybrid abaca-reinforced polymer composite using RSM. Polym Polym Compos 27:597–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391119855843
Adeniyi AG, Onifade DV, Ighalo JO, Adeoye AS (2019) A review of coir fiber reinforced polymer composites. Composites B. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107305
Jordá-Vilaplana A, Carbonell-Verdú A, Samper MD, Pop A, Garcia-Sanoguera D (2017) Development and characterization of a new natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic (NFRP) with Cortaderia selloana (Pampa grass) short fibers. Compos Sci Technol 145:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.03.036
Lopattananon N, Panawarangkul K, Sahakaro K, Ellis B (2006) Performance of pineapple leaf fiber–natural rubber composites: the effect of fiber surface treatments. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1974–1984. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.24584
Gurunathan T, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2015) A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Composite A 77:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.007
Inamura PY, Kraide FH, Drumond WS, de Lima NB, Moura EAB, del Mastro NL (2013) Ionizing radiation influence on the morphological and thermal characteristics of a biocomposite prepared with gelatin and Brazil nut wastes as fiber source. Radiat Phys Chem 84:66–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.06.043
Faruk O, Bledzki AK, Fink H-P, Sain M (2012) Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. Prog Polym Sci 37:1552–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003
Mittal M, Chaudhary R (2019) Biodegradability and mechanical properties of pineapple leaf/coir Fiber reinforced hybrid epoxy composites. Mater Res Express. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aaf8d6
Indra Reddy M, Anil Kumar M, Raju CRB (2018) Tensile and flexural properties of jute, pineapple leaf and glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. Mater Today Proc 5:458–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.105
Elanchezhian C, Ramnath BV, Ramakrishnan G, Rajendrakumar M, Naveenkumar V, Saravanakumar MK (2018) Review on mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. Materials Today: Proceedings 5: 1785–1790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.276
Wu C-S, Hsu Y-C, Liao H-T, Yen F-S, Wang C-Y, Hsu C-T (2014) Characterization and biocompatibility of chestnut shell fiber-based composites with polyester. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40730
Sengor M, Ozgun A, Gunduz O, Altintas S (2020) Aqueous electrospun core/shell nanofibers of PVA/microbial transglutaminase cross-linked gelatin composite scaffolds. Mater Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.127233
El-Nemr KF, Mohamed HR, Ali MA, Fathy RM, Dhmees AS (2019) Polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin irradiated blends filled by lignin as green filler for antimicrobial packaging materials. Int J Environ Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1657108
Latthe SS, Terashima C, Nakata K, Fujishima A (2014) Superhydrophobic surfaces developed by mimicking hierarchical surface morphology of lotus leaf. Molecules 19:4256–4283. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19044256
Saison T, Peroz C, Chauveau V, Berthier S, Sondergard E, Arribart H (2008) Replication of butterfly wing and natural lotus leaf structures by nanoimprint on silica sol-gel films. Bioinspir Biomim 3:046004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/3/4/046004
Nikmatin S, Rudwiyanti JR, Prasetyo KW et al (2014) Mechanical and optical characterization of bio-nanocomposite from pineapple leaf fiber material for food packaging. Int Soc Opt Photon. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081112
Razak SIA, Sharif NFA (2014) Cassava leaves as packaging materials. Cellul Chem Technol 48:585–590
Athijayamani A, Thiruchitrambalam M, Natarajan U, Pazhanivel B (2009) Effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of randomly oriented natural fibers/polyester hybrid composite. Mater Sci Eng A 517:344–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.04.027
Senthilkumar K, Rajini N, Saba N, Chandrasekar M, Jawaid M, Siengchin S (2019) Effect of alkali treatment on mechanical and morphological properties of pineapple leaf fibre/polyester composites. J Polym Environ 27:1191–1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01418-x
Jiang D, Cui S, Xu F, Tuo T (2015) Impact of leaf fibre modification methods on compatibility between leaf fibres and cement-based materials. Constr Build Mater 94:502–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.045
Khalili P, Liu X, Zhao Z, Blinzler B (2019) Fully biodegradable composites: thermal, flammability, moisture absorption and mechanical properties of natural fibre-reinforced composites with nano-hydroxyapatite. Materials (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071145
Zhang Y, Miyauchi M, Nutt S (2018) Moisture absorption and hydrothermal aging of phenylethynyl-terminated pyromellitic dianhydride-type asymmetric polyimide and composites. High Perform Polym 31:1020–1029. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008318816754
Moudood A, Rahman A, Öchsner A, Islam M, Francucci G (2018) Flax fiber and its composites: an overview of water and moisture absorption impact on their performance. J Reinf Plast Compos 38:323–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684418818893
Londhe R, Mache A, Kulkarni A (2016) An experimental study on moisture absorption for jute-epoxy composite with coatings exposed to different pH media. Perspect Sci 8:580–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.06.026
Luis A, Domingues F, Ramos A (2019) Production of hydrophobic zein-based films bioinspired by the lotus leaf surface: characterization and bioactive properties. Microorganisms. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7080267
Zhang Y, Wu H, Yu X, Chen F, Wu J (2012) Microscopic observations of the lotus leaf for explaining the outstanding mechanical properties. J Bionic Eng 9:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1672-6529(11)60100-5
Das S, Saha AK, Choudhury PK et al (2000) Effect of steam pretreatment of jute fiber on dimensional stability of jute composite. J Appl Polym Sci 76:1652–1661
Mercy JL, Velmurugan R, Sasipraba T, Jacob C (2019) Neurofuzzy modelling of moisture absorption kinetics and its effect on the mechanical properties of pineapple fibre-reinforced polypropylene composite. J Compos Mater. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998319870581
Somashekhar TM, Naik P, Nayak V, Rahul S (2018) Study of mechanical properties of coconut shell powder and tamarind shell powder reinforced with epoxy composites. IOP Conf Ser. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/376/1/012105
Potluri R, Diwakar V, Venkatesh K, Srinivasa Reddy B (2018) Analytical model application for prediction of mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced composites. Mater. Today Proc. 5:5809–5818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.12.178
Munde YS, Ingle RB (2015) Theoretical modeling and experimental verification of mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced thermoplastics. Procedia Technol 19:320–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.046
Liu L, Yu J, Cheng L, Qu W (2009) Mechanical properties of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) biocomposites reinforced with surface modified jute fibre. Composites A 40:669–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.03.002
Asim M, Jawaid M, Abdan K, Ishak MR (2017) The effect of silane treated fibre loading on mechanical properties of pineapple leaf/kenaf fibre filler phenolic composites. J Polym Environ 26:1520–1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1060-z
Yin B, Wang J, Jia H, He J, Zhang X, Xu Z (2016) Enhanced mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of styrene–butadiene rubber reinforced with polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified graphene oxide. J Mater Sci 51:5724–5737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9874-y
Vilay V, Mariatti M, Mat Taib R et al (2008) Effect of fiber surface treatment and fiber loading on the properties of bagasse fiber–reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol 68:631–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.10.005
Elanthikkal S, Gopalakrishnapanicker U, Varghese S, Guthrie JT (2010) Cellulose microfibres produced from banana plant wastes: isolation and characterization. Carbohydr Polym 80:852–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.12.043
Murthy TP, Manohar B (2014) Hot air drying characteristics of mango ginger: prediction of drying kinetics by mathematical modeling and artificial neural network. J Food Sci Technol 51:3712–3721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-0941-y
Xu J, Zhu C, Xie X, Yan C, Wang Y (2019) A study on kinetics of ignition reaction of B4C/KNO3 and B4C/KClO4 pyrotechnic smoke compositions. J Therm Anal Calorim. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-09015-9
Pouretedal HR, Loh Mousavi S (2018) Study of the ratio of fuel to oxidant on the kinetic of ignition reaction of Mg/Ba(NO3)2 and Mg/Sr(NO3)2 pyrotechnics by non-isothermal TG/DSC technique. J Therm Anal Calorim 132:1307–1315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7028-y
Edreis EMA, Yao H (2016) Kinetic thermal behaviour and evaluation of physical structure of sugar cane bagasse char during non-isothermal steam gasification. J Mater Res Technol 5:317–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2016.03.006
Wang P-c, Xie Q, Xu Y-g, Wang J-q, Lin Q-h, Lu M (2017) A kinetic investigation of thermal decomposition of 1,1′-dihydroxy-5,5′-bitetrazole-based metal salts. J Therm Anal Calorim 130:1213–1220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6485-z
Doymaz İ (2012) Air-drying characteristics, effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy of grape leaves. J Food Process Preserv 36(2):161–168
Sobukola OP et al (2017) Thin layer drying process of some leafy vegetables under open sun. Food Sci Technol Int. https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013207075953
da Ronicely P et al (2014) Evaluation of electrical conductivity as a quality parameter of lemongrass leaves (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) submitted to drying process. Drying Technol 32(8):969–980
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Y0201800586) and the Regional Cooperative Innovation in Autonomous Region (2019E0241)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, W., He, C., Wei, Z. et al. Impact of Hot Water Treated Lotus Leaves on Interfacial and Physico-Mechanical of Gelatin/Lotus Leaf Composites. J Polym Environ 28, 3270–3278 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01778-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01778-9