Abstract
The purpose of workplace spirituality is to enable individuals to realize the potential or their personal spirituality, develop a positive attitude and be able to create positive connections with their environment. The Spirit at Work Scale (SAWS) developed by Kinjerski and Skrypnek stands out as it conceptualizes and evaluates workplace spirituality. This study was organized methodologically in order to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the Spirit at Work Scale in production businesses in a Turkish metropolitan center. The population of the study was drawn from businesses with ten or more employees in an industrial zone. The study involved a convenience sample of 188 participants. Considering the results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), it was seen that the items in the scale were grouped around three different factors. According to the results from confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), three-factor SAWS‑TR was confirmed as a model. Consequently, it was seen that spirituality at work combined three elements, namely Engaging Work, Mystical Experience and Spiritual and Social Connection, for workers in the production sector in this study.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
24 August 2021
The caption has been added for the graphical abstract
References
Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Kiani, U. S. (2016). Linking spiritual leadership and employee pro-environmental behavior: The influence of workplace spirituality, intrinsic motivation, and environmental passion. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.011
Ahmadi, S., Nami, Y., & Barvarz, R. (2014). The relationship between spirituality in the workplace and organizational citizenship behavior. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 262–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.695
Altaf, A., & Awan, M. A. (2011). Moderating effect of workplace spirituality on the relationship of job overload and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 104, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0891-0
Avcı, N. (2019). A study on the relationship between workplace spirituality and employee performance. e-Journal of New Media, 3(3), 213−225. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17932/IAU.EJNM.25480200.2019.3/3.213-225.
Awan, S., & Sitwat, A. (2014). Workplace spirituality, self-esteem, and psychological well-being among mental health professionals. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 29(1), 125–149.
Baykal, E. (2018). Spirituality and search for meaning in the workplace. Alanya Academic Review Journal, 2(1), 11–25.
Baykal, E. (2019). Improving in-role and extra-role performance through workplace spirituality. International Journal of Law and Social Science Research, 1(1), 15–25.
Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications and programming. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2008). Handbook of data analyses for social sciences. Pegem A Publishing.
Chawla, V. (2014). The effect of workplace spirituality on salespeople’s organizational deviant behaviours: Research propositions and practical implications. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 29(3), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-08-2012-0134
Chen, C. Y., & Yang, C. F. (2012). The impact of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: A multi-sample analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0953-3
Cinnioğlu, H. (2018). The impact of spiritual leadership perceptions on job satisfaction levels of employees working in food and beverage businesses: İstanbul sample. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 6(4), 113−131. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2018.300.
Cottini, E., & Lucifora, C. (2013). Mental health and working conditions in Europe. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 66(4), 958–988. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391306600409
Çakıroğlu, D., Aydoğan, E., Altınöz, M., & Yılmaz Işıkhan, S. (2018). Perceptions of organizational spirituality of public and private sector employees: A field study. Atlas International Refereed Journal on Social Sciences, 4(13), 1065–1073.
Daniel, J. L. (2015). Workplace spirituality and stress: Evidence from Mexico and US. Management Research Review, 38(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-07-2013-0169
Eroğlu, A. (2009). Factor analyses. In Ş Kalaycı (Ed.), SPSS Applied Multivariate Statistical Techniques (pp. 321–331). Asil Publishing.
Fry, L.W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693−727.
Gatling, A., Kim, J., & Milliman, J. (2016). The relationship between workplace spirituality and hospitality supervisors’ work attitudes: A self-determination theory perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(3), 471–489. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2014-0404
Hassan, Z., Tnay, J.S., Sukardi Yososudarmo, S.M., & Sabil, S. (2020). The relationship between workplace spirituality and work‑to‑family enrichment in selected public sector organizations in Malaysia, Journal of Religion and Health, Pub Date: 2020–01–04. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00971-y.
Hungelmann, J., Kenkel-Rossi, E., Klassen, L., & Stollenwerk, R. (1985). Spiritual well-being in older adults: Harmonious interconnectedness. Journal of Religion and Health, 24(2), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01532258
Jnaneswar, K., & Sulphey, M. (2021). A study on the relationship between workplace spirituality, mental wellbeing and mindfulness. Management Science Letters, 11(3), 1045–1054. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.9.038
Jurkiewicz, C. L., & Giacalone, R. A. (2004). A values framework for measuring the ımpact of workplace spirituality on organizational performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 49(2), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000015843.22195.b9
Kanbur, A., & Kavuklu, H. (2018). The role of the workplace spirituality in the prediction of psychological capital. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 6(3), 17−35. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v6i3.316.
Karakoç, F. Y., & Dönmez, L. (2014). Basic principles of scale development. Medical Education World, 40, 39–49.
Karaman, H., Atar, B., & Çobanoğlu Aktan, D. (2017). The comparison of factor extraction methods used in exploratory factor analysis. Gazi University Journal of Education Faculty, 37(3), 1173−1193. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.309356.
Kazemipour, F., & Amin, S. M. (2012). The impact of workplace spirituality dimensions on organizational citizenship behaviour among nurses with the mediating effect of affective organizational commitment. Journal of Nursing Managament, 20(8), 1039–1048. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12025
Kinjerski, V. M., & Skrypnek, B. (2004). Defining spirit at work: Finding common ground. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(1), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410511288
Kökalan, Ö. (2017). The effects of workplace spirituality on organizational trust and work alienation. Dicle University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 9(18), 37–51.
Laaksonen, M., Rahkonen, O., Martikainen, P., & Lahelma, E. (2006). Associations of psychosocial working conditions with self-rated general health and mental health among municipal employees. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 79(3), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-005-0054-7
Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426–447. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810310484172
Mitroff, I. I. (2003). Do not promote religion under the guise of spirituality. Organization, 10(2), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508403010002011
Örgev, M., & Günalan, M. (2011). A critical assessment on workplace spirituality. Journal of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 1(2), 51–64.
Pawar, B. S. (2009). Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes (an empirical test of direct and interaction effects). Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 30(8), 759–777. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730911003911
Petchsawang, P., & McLean, G. N. (2017). Workplace spirituality, mindfulness meditation, and work engagement. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 14(3), 216–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2017.1291360
Polit, D. E., & Beck, C. T. (2006). Essentials of nursing research. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
Sharma, P. K., & Kumra, R. (2020). Relationship between workplace spirituality, organizational justice and mental health: Mediation role of employee engagement. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 17(5), 627–650. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-01-2020-0007
Streib, H., & Klein, C. (2016). Religion and spirituality. In M. Stausberg & S. Engler (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Study of Religion (pp. 73–83). Oxford University Press.
ten Have, M., van Dorsselaer, S., & de Graaf, R. (2015). The association between type and number of adverse working conditions and mental health during a time of economic crisis (2010–2012). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50, 899–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1009-2
Tourish, D., & Tourish, N. (2010). Spirituality at work, and its ımplications for leadership and followership: A post-structuralist perspective. Leadership, 6(2), 207–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715010363210
Ünal, Z.M., & Turgut, T. (2015, November 6−7). The contribution of organizational culture on spirituality at work. 3rd Organizational Behavior Congress, Tokat, Turkey. Doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2535.4648.
Yaşar, M. (2014). Attitudes Toward Statistics Scale: Validity and reliability study. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 36, 59–75. https://doi.org/10.9779/PUJE640
Yaşlıoğlu, M.M. (2017). Factor analysis and validity in social sciences: application of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. İstanbul University Journal of the School of Business, 46 (Special Issue), pp. 74−85.
Acknowledgements
This manuscript was presented as an oral presentation at the 5th International GAP Business Sciences and Economy Congress, Şanlıurfa, Turkey, December 4–6, 2020.
Funding
No financial support was received.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kırklıkçı, A.B. Turkish Adaptation of the Spirit at Work Scale in Production Sector Employees. J Relig Health 60, 3675–3693 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01393-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01393-5