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From Scale to Practice: A New Agenda for the Study of Early Metallurgy on the Eurasian Steppe

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Abstract

This paper evaluates conventional scholarship surrounding early metallurgy in the Eurasian steppe zone, with a particular focus on prehistoric developments in a region including northern Kazakhstan and the Southern Ural Mountains of the Russian Federation. Traditionally, the emergence of metallurgy in this region has been viewed either as peripheral to core developments in Mesopotamia, Europe and the Near East, or as part of a much larger zone of interaction and trade in metals and metal production technologies. Such views have deflected scholarship from pursuing questions concerning metallurgical production, consumption, trade and value, and their connection to local diachronic socio-economic change. This paper examines these key issues through recent research programs in the steppe region, and in so doing offers an important comparative case study for early metallurgy. It is suggested that in order to develop a better understanding of early mining, metallurgy and socio-economic change in the central steppe region, new theoretical and methodological approaches are needed that highlight the unique characteristics of early mining communities and their relationships to micro-regional resources and concomitant local, in addition to long-distance, trade dynamics. These issues are discussed in light of current field research by the authors and their Russian colleagues on the Middle Bronze Age Sintashta development (2,100–1,700 BC) in the Southern Ural Mountains.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the session organizers, Ben Roberts and Chris Thornton, for their invitation to contribute this paper and for their patience during its preparation. We also gratefully acknowledge the following individuals and institutions for their generous support of our collaborative field research in the southern Urals, from which parts of this paper originate: A. Epimakhov, L. Koryakova, D. Zdanovich, E. Kupriyanova, C. Merrony, E. Efimova and students of Ural State University, Southern Ural State University and Chelyabinsk State University. We also gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation (#0726279) and Wenner–Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (#7552). All opinions and mistakes within this paper are the sole responsibility of the authors.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Bryan Hanks

  2. Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Roger Doonan

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Correspondence to Bryan Hanks.

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Hanks, B., Doonan, R. From Scale to Practice: A New Agenda for the Study of Early Metallurgy on the Eurasian Steppe. J World Prehist 22, 329–356 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-009-9031-5

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