Abstract
In this work, the effects of thermo-oxidative ageing at different temperatures and for different exposure durations on the mechanical and the chemical properties of a styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) are presented. Uniaxial tensile tests, hardness measurements, Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra analysis, and swelling tests are carried out on as-received and aged samples. Accelerated ageing process was conducted at different temperatures (\(50^\circ C\), \(70^\circ C\), \(90^\circ C\), and \(100^\circ C\)) and for different exposure durations \((7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 45\) and \(60\) days).This work confirm that accelerated ageing lead to a decrease of the ultimate mechanical properties and of the molar mass between cross-links in one hand, and an increase of the cross-linking density and of the material hardness, in another hand. ATR-FTIR analysis shows significant changes in the chemical structure of aged SBR samples dominated by the thermo-oxidative process, which is, mainly pronounced at high temperature and long exposure time. The ultimate mechanical properties are related to the average molar mass between cross-links. A threshold value of this property corresponding to a complete degradation of the rubber can be determined. Finally, the time–temperature equivalence principle is applied to build master curves describing the evolution of certain quantities such as molar mass between crosslinks, tensile strength, and strain at break versus the reduced time. A predictive modeling of the stress and strain at break as function of the effective ageing time is proposed which give satisfactory results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References lists
Kashi S, Varley R, De Souza M, Al-Assafi S, Di Pietro A, de Lavigne C, Fox B (2018) Mechanical, thermal, and morphological behavior of silicone rubber during accelerated aging. Polym Plast Technol Eng 57(16):1687–1696
Ben Hassine M, Naït-Abdelaziz M, Zaïri F, Colin X, Tourcher C, Marque G (2014) Time to failure prediction in rubber components subjected to thermal ageing: A combined approach based upon the intrinsic defect concept and the fracture mechanics. Mech Mater 79:15–24
Woo CS, Choi SS, Lee SB, Kim HS (2010) Useful lifetime prediction of rubber components using accelerated testing. IEEE T Reliab 59(1):11–17
Wei H, Guo L, Zheng J, Huang G, Li G (2015) Effect of nanosilica-based immobile antioxidant on thermal oxidative degradation of SBR. RSCAdv 5:62788–62796
Diez J, Bellas R, López J (2010) Study of the crosslink density, dynamo-mechanical behaviour and microstructure of hot and cold SBRvulcanizates. J Polym Res 17:99–107
Eissa MM, BotrosSH and AF Moustafa, (2018) Triblock copolymers– modified SBR/EPDM rubber blends. J Elas&Plast 50(2):151–161
Ismail H, Che Mat NS, Othman N (2018) Curing characteristics, tear, fatigue, and aging properties of bentonite-filled ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubber composites. J Vinyl AdditTechn 24(S1):77–84
Li X, Bai T, Li Z, Liu L (2016) Influence of the temperature on the hyper-elastic mechanical behavior of carbon black filled natural rubbers. Mech Mater 95:136–145
Nabil H, Ismail H, Azura AR (2013) Comparison of thermo-oxidative ageing and thermal analysis of carbon black-filled NR/Virgin EPDM and NR/Recycled EPDM blends. Polym Test 32(4):631–639
Mostafa A, Abouel-Kasem A, BayoumiMR E-S (2009) The influence of CB loading on thermal aging resistance of SBR and NBR rubber compounds under different aging temperature. Mater Des 30(3):791–795
Wang Q, Zeng J, Zhou X, Jieqiong Y (2016) Irradiation vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber/nanoscale silica composites. J Polym Res 23:11
Liu J, Li X, Xu L, Zhang P (2016) Investigation of aging behavior and mechanism of nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) in the accelerated thermal aging environment. Polym Test 54:59–66
Boubakri A, Haddar N, Elleuch K, Bienvenu Y (2011) Influence of thermal aging on tensile and creep behaviour of thermoplastic polyurethane. C R Mécanique 339:666–673
Carli LN, Bianchi O, Mauler RS, Crespo JS (2012) Accelerated aging of elastomeric composites with vulcanized ground scraps. J ApplPolymSci 123(1):280–285
Choi SS, Kim JC (2012) Lifetime prediction and thermal aging behaviors of SBR and NBR composites using cross-link density changes. J IndEngChem 18(3):1166–1170
Ha-Anh T, Vu-Khanh T (2005) Prediction of mechanical properties of polychloroprene during thermo-oxidative aging. Polym Test 24(6):775–780
Behnke R, Kaliske M (2018) Numerical modeling of thermal aging in steady state rolling tires. Int J Non-Linear Mech 103:145–153
Deroiné M, Le Duigo A, Corre YM, Le Gac PY, Daves P, César G, Bruzaud S (2014) Accelerated ageing and lifetime prediction of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Polym Test 39:70–78
Xu T, Jia Z, Li J, Luo Y, Jia D, Peng Z (2018) Study on the dispersion of carbon black/silica in SBR/BR composites and its properties by adding epoxidized natural rubber as a compatilizer. Polym Compos 39(2):377–385
Cheng X, Song P, Zhao X, Peng Z, Wang S (2018) Liquefaction of ground tire rubber at low temperature. Waste Manag 71:301–310
Pasbakhsh P, Ismail H, FauziMNA BakarAA (2010) EPDM/modified halloysite nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 48(3):405–413
Marzocca AJ (2007) Evaluation of the polymer-solvent interaction parameter v for the system cured styrene butadiene rubber and toluene. Eur Polym J 43(6):2682–2689
Salgueiro W, Marzocca A, Somoza A, Consolati G, Cerveny S, Quasso F, Goyanes S (2004) Dependence of the network structure of cured styrene butadiene rubber on the sulphur content. Polymer 45(17):6037–6044
Ghosh J, Ghorai S, Bhunia S, Roy M, De D (2018) The role of devulcanizing agent for mechanochemicaldevulcanization of styrene butadiene rubber vulcanizate. Polym Eng Sci 58(1):74–85
Ismail H, Muniandy K, Othman N (2012) Fatigue life, morphological studies, and thermal aging of rattan powder-filled natural rubber composites as a function of filler loading and a silane coupling agent. BioResources 7(1):841–858
Rivlin RS (1948) Large elastic deformations of isotropic materials. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series A 241:459–525
Ogden RW (1984) Non linear elastic deformation. Ellis-Horwood Limited Publishers, England
Yeoh OH (1990) Characterization of elastic properties of carbon-black-filled rubber vulcanizates. Rubber Chem Technol 63:792–805
Treloar LRG (1943) The elasticity of a network of long chain molecules. Trans Faraday Soc 39:36–41
James HM, Guth E (1943) Theory of elastic properties of rubbers. J Chem Phys 11:455–481
Arruda EM, Boyce MC (1993) A three-dimensional constitutive model for the large stretch behaviour of rubber elastic materials. J Mech Phys Solids 41(2):389–412
Wu PD, van der Giessen E (1993) On improved network models for rubber elasticity and their applications to orientation hardening in glassy polymers. J Mech Phys Solids 41(3):427–456
Kalidaha AK, De PP, Sen AK (1993) Ageing and degradation of polychloroprene and its blends with ethylene–propylene–diene rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 39(2):179–186
Maciejewska M, Zaborski M (2018) Ionic liquids as coagents for sulfur vulcanization of butadiene–styrene elastomer filled with carbon black. Polym Bull 75:4499–4514
Zhao Q, Li X, Gao J (2007) Aging of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) in artificial weathering environment. Polym Degrad Stab 92(10):1841–1846
Singh R, Shah MD, Jain SK, Shit SC, Giri R (2013) Elastomeric composite: mechanical and thermal properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) based on carbon black and nanoclay. J Inf Knowl Res Mech Eng 2:515–521
Zhi J, Wang Q, Zhang M, Zhou Z, Liu A, Jia Y (2019) Coupled analysis on hyper-viscoelastic mechanical behavior and macromolecular network alteration of rubber during thermo-oxidative aging process. Polymer 171(8):15–24
Zanchet A, Carli LN, Giovanela M, Brandalise RN, CrespoJS, (2012) Use of styrene butadiene rubber industrial waste devulcanized by microwave in rubber composites for automotive application. Mater Des 39:437–443
Delor-Jestin F, Barrois-Oudin N, Cardinet C, Lacoste J, Lemaire J (2000) Thermal ageing of acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 70(1):1–4
Ma L, Liu M, Peng Q, Liu Y, Luo B, Zhou C (2016) Cross-linked carboxylated SBR composites reinforced with chitin nanocrystals. J Polym Res 23(7):134
Guo L, HuangG ZJ, Li G (2014) Thermal oxidative degradation of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) studied by 2D correlation analysis and kinetic analysis. J Thermal Anal Calorim 115:647–657
Allen NS, Barcelona A, Edge M, Wilkinson A, Merchan CG, Santa Quiteria VR (2004) Thermal and photo oxidation of high styrene butadiene copolymer (SBC). Polym Degrad Stab 86(1):11–23
Abdel-Hakim A, El-Mogy SA, EL-Zayat MM, (2019) Radiation cross-linking of acrylic rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blends containing polyfunctional monomers. Radiat Phys Chem 157:91–96
Wu S (1989) Chain structure and entanglement. J Polym Sci. Part B Polym Phys Ed 27:723–741
Semsarzadeh MA, Bakhshandeh GR, Ghasemzadeh M (2005) Effect of Carbon Black on Rate Constant and Activation Energy of Vulcanization in EPDM/BR and EPDM/NR Blends. Iran Polym J 14(6):573–578
Guth E (1945) Theory of filler reinforcement. J Appl Phys 16:20–25
NaitAbdelaziz M, Ayoub G, Colinc X, Benhassine M, Mouwakeh M (2019) New developments in fracture of rubbers: Predictive tools and influence of thermal aging International. Int J Solids Struct 165:127–136
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Vibracoustic AG Compagny and more specifically Dr Pierre Charrier, who has been collaborating with the University of Lille for many years, for providing the material and without whom this work could not have taken place.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rezig, N., Bellahcene, T., Aberkane, M. et al. Thermo-oxidative ageing of a SBR rubber: effects on mechanical and chemical properties. J Polym Res 27, 339 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02330-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02330-y