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The Role of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Receptors in the Central Regulation of Food Intake

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Abstract

Hypothalamus is the most critical center in the brain for regulation of food intake. Hypothalamus performs this function through special nuclei. The most important of these nuclei is PVN, because in addition to receiving input from special hypothalamic nuclei, it also receives input from other regions of the brain, as well circulation. Inputs received from other areas of the brain via special receptors including: MCR, GABA, IR, LepR, CBR, OXR, HR, NPY, D, CRF, and GHSR. Due to the presence of several receptors on VMH, different neurotransmitters and neuromodulators related to central food intake regulation effect on this nucleus. These neurotransmitters include two categories: orexigenic and anorexigenic. Orexigenic neuropeptides such as: NPY, orexin, endocannabinoids, glutamate, urocortin, and ghrelin. Anorexigenic neuropeptides included: MSH, CRF, leptin, insulin, BDNF, histamine, and dopamine. Then, VMH integrates these inputs from the bind of these neurotransmitters to their receptors, and sends the final feedback to other brain regions. The VMH is the first satiety center in the brain, and it receives various inputs from different regions of the brain and circulation via multiple receptors, as well as integrating these inputs and sending the appropriate output to other areas of the brain, VMH plays an important role in central control of food intake. Therefore, throughout this review article would discuss the function of this nucleus on central regulation of food intake via various neuropeptides and receptors.

Graphic Abstract

Legend: ARC: Arcuate nucleus. PVN: Paraventricular nucleus. VMH: Ventromedial hypothalamus. SF1: Serotonergic factor 1. BDNF: Brain-derived neurotropic factor. POMC: pro-opiomelanocortin. AgRP/NPY: Agouti related protein/ Neuropeptide Y. VTA: Ventral tegmental area. CB: Endocannabinoidergic neuron. OX: Orexin neuron. TB: Tuberommillary nucleus. H: Histaminergic neuron. D: Dopaminergic neuron. G: Glutamatergic neuron.: Stimulatory projection.: Inhibitory projection.

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Abbreviations

ARC:

Arcuate nucleus

VMH:

Ventromedial hypothalamus

PVN:

Paraventricular nucleus

LHA:

Lateral hypothalamus area

POMC:

Pro-opiomelanocortin

CART:

Cocaine–amphetamine regulate transcript

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

AgRP:

Agouti related protein

MSH:

Melanocortin stimulating hormone

CRF:

Corticotropin releasing factor

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotropic factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

MCR:

Melanocortin receptors

CAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

DMH:

Dorsomedial nucleus

SF1:

Steroidogenic factor 1

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyric acid

IR:

Insulin receptor

LepR:

Leptin receptor

CBR:

Endocannabinoid receptor

MAPK:

Mitogen activated protein kinase

OXR:

Orexin receptor

HR:

Histaminergic receptor

D:

Dopamine

GHSR:

Growth hormone secretagogues receptor

Vglut:

Vesicular glutamate transporter

N/OFQ:

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ

ORL-1:

Orphan Gi/Go-coupled opioid receptors

GIRK:

G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium

ICV:

Intracerebroventricular

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

BBB:

Blood brain barrier

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank you to Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, for their support.

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  1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Shiba Yousefvand & Farshid Hamidi

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  1. Shiba Yousefvand
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Yousefvand, S., Hamidi, F. The Role of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Receptors in the Central Regulation of Food Intake. Int J Pept Res Ther 27, 689–702 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-020-10120-9

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