Abstract
Perovskite solar cell is a kind of revolutionary investigation in the field of renewable energy which is capable of mitigates the deficiencies of silicon solar cell and its uprising efficiency can bring blessing to society. The presence of lead (Pb) in perovskite solar cell can make worst and negative impact on environment and is not desirable for our society. In this paper, general plans are anticipated by replacement of Pb with tin (Sn) in open atmosphere to fabricate the CH3NH3SnCl3 photovoltaic cells in chlorine (Cl)-rich environment. Excess uses of Cl has positive influences on morphological growth of the film and it also suppresses the oxidation tendency of tin (Sn) with existing oxygen in atmosphere and maintains same chemical atmosphere as bulk. Various characterization tools like X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been used to study the effect of annealing temperature on crystal stricture, phase formation, impurities, and morphologies of the film. Finally, photovoltaic performance was reported using the solar simulator under 1.5 sun illumination.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Asit Baran Biswas, Assistant professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Calcutta for providing valuable suggestions.
Funding
This work is supported by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), grants funded by Department of Science and Technology (DST), Central Government of India through Fast Track Scheme for Young Scientists (Registration no. 175/2013, SB/FT/CS-105/2013) and University Grand Commission (UGC), India through Maulana Azad National Fellowship (Award letter no. F1-17.1/2014-15/MANF-2014-15-MUS-WES-47983).
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Author SR has received research grants from Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) funded by Department of Science and Technology (DST), Central Government of India through Fast Track Scheme for Young Scientists (Registration no. 175/2013, SB/FT/CS-105/2013 and Author Sk. AM received Maulana Azad National Fellowship (Award letter no. F1-17.1/2014-15/MANF-2014-15-MUS-WES-47983).
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Moyez, S.A., Roy, S. Thermal engineering of lead-free nanostructured CH3NH3SnCl3 perovskite material for thin-film solar cell. J Nanopart Res 20, 5 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-017-4108-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-017-4108-z