Abstract
Studies on the chemically stabilized soils have shown that the effectiveness of treatment is largely dependent on soil’s natural environment. In tropical kaolin soils, phosphoric acid may be used as an alternative to traditional alkaline stabilizers for improving soil properties. This research was carried out in an effort to identify the time-dependent soil-stabilizer reactions. Data for the study of characterization of treated samples were obtained from X-ray diffractometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and leaching analysis. Based on the collected data, the kaolinite mineral with pH-dependent structural properties showed slightly different behavior both in basic and in acidic mediums. Also, it was found that the chemical stabilizers preferentially attacked the alumina surface of the clay particles. Therefore, it was rational to suggest that with respect to lime and phosphoric acid treatment, aluminate hydrate compounds are more likely to be formed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balasubramaniam AS, Bergado DT, Buensucoso BR Jr, Yang WC (1989) Strength and deformation characteristics of lime treated soft clay. J Geotechn Eng 20:49–65
Bell FG (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Eng Geol 42(4):223–237
Boardman DI, Glendinning S, Rogers CDF (2001) Development of solidification and stabilisation in lime–clay mixes. Geotechnique 40:533–543
Brady NC, Weil RR (1996) The nature and properties of soils, 11th edn. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Brown G (1961) The X-ray identification and crystal structures of clay mineral. Mineralogical Society (Clay Minerals Group), London
BSI (1990a) British standard methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes: part 4, Compaction-related tests. BS1377, British Standards Institution, London
BSI (1990) Stabilized materials for civil engineering purposes: part 2, Methods of test for cement-stabilized and lime-stabilized materials. BS1924, British Standards Institution, London
Carroll D, Starkey HC (1971) Reactivity of clay minerals with acids and alkalies. Clays Clay Miner 19:321–333
EC (1990) Compendium of waste leaching tests. Report EPS 3/HA/7. Environment Canada, Waste Water Technology Centre
Eisazadeh A (2010) Physicochemical behaviour of lime and phosphoric acid stabilized clayey soils. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Ph.D. Thesis
Herzog A, Mitchell JK (1963) Reactions accompanying the stabilization of clay with cement. US Highw Res Board Bull 36:146–171
Ingles OG, Metcalf JB (1972) Soil stabilization—principles and practice. Butterworth, Melbourne
JCPDS (1995) Index to the powder diffraction file. International center for diffraction data, Swarthmore
Ioannou A, Dimirkou A (1997) Phosphate adsorption on Hematite, Kaolinite, and Kaolinite–Hematite (k–h) systems as described by a constant capacitance model. J Colloid Interf Sci 192:119–128
Kota PBVS, Hazlett D, Perrin L (1996) Sulfate-bearing soils: problems with calcium-based stabilizers. Transportation research record 1546, TRB, National Research Council, Washington DC, pp 62–69
Locat J, Tremblay H, Leroueil S (1996) Mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of a soft inorganic clay treated with lime. Can Geotech J 33:654–669
Lyons JW, McEwan GJ (1962) Phosphoric acid in soil stabilization, part I. Effect on engineering properties of soils. Highway research board bulletin (soil stabilization with phosphorous compounds and additives) Washington DC, vol 318, pp 4–14
Madejova J, Komadel P (2001) Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source clays: Infrared methods. Clays Clay Miner 49(5):410–432
Manju CS, Narayanan Nair V, Lalithambika M (2001) Mineralogy, geochemistry and utilization study of the Madayi kaolin deposit, North Kerala, India. Clays Clay Miner 49(4):355–369
Medina J, Guida HN (1995) Stabilization of lateritic soils with phosphoric acid. J Geotech Geol Eng 13:199–216
Mitchell JK, Dermatas D (1992) Clay soil heave caused by lime-sulfate reactions. Innovations in uses for lime, ASTM STP 1135, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp 41–64
Mitchell JK, Soga K (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York
Nacamoto K (1970) Infrared spectra of inorganic and coordinated compounds. Wiley, New York
Narasimha Rao S, Rajasekaran G (1996) Reaction products formed in lime-stabilized marine clays. J Geotech Eng ASCE 122:329–336
Rajasekaran G, Narasimha Rao S (1997) The microstructure of lime-stabilized marine clay. Ocean Eng 24(9):867–878
Rogers CDF, Glendinning S, Dixon N (1996) Lime stabilization. Proceedings of the seminar held at Loughborough University, Thomas Telford Publisher, London
Rollings RS, Burkes JP, Rollings MP (1999) Sulfate attack on cement-stabilized sand. J Geotechn Geoenviron Eng ASCE 125(5):364–372
Willoughby DR, Gross KA, Ingles OG, Silva SR, Veronica MS (1968) The identification of reaction products in alkali stabilized clay by electron microscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction. In: Proceedings of 4th conference of Australian board 4, part 2, pp 1386–1408
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Scheme Grant Vot. 78011.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eisazadeh, A., Kassim, K.A. & Nur, H. Stabilization of tropical kaolin soil with phosphoric acid and lime. Nat Hazards 61, 931–942 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9941-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9941-2