Abstract
Free space optical (FSO) communication system has obtained significant importance in communication field due to its unique features: unlimited spectrum, larger bandwidth and high data rate, low mass and less power requirements, quick and easy deployability. FSO system better suits in disaster recovery, defense and last mile problems in networks, remote sensing and so on. However, FSO system has greater advantage, its performance is mainly degraded by adverse effects like beam wandering and spreading, scattering and mainly a major degradation factor is atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors which leads to severe degradation in Bit error rate (BER) and Signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the FSO link and makes the communication link infeasible. This paper gives a detailed survey on performance enhancement of FSO communication system and also discusses various channel distribution models and modulation techniques to have high reliability and FSO link availability. In this paper, the various atmospheric effects like turbulence, fog, absorption and scintillation and so on are discussed. The first part of the paper analysis the channel models and the latter part of the paper summarizes the different modulation techniques, diversity techniques and also the comparative study of the (SNR) and (BER) under various atmospheric factors of the FSO system. This survey provides the comprehensive details in order to provide low cost and high capacity FSO link design.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abou-Rjeily, C.: Performance analysis of FSO communications with diversity methods: add more relays or more apertures? IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 33(9), 1890–1902 (2015)
Abou-Rjeily, C., Noun, Z.: Impact of inter-relay co-operation on the performance of FSO systems with any number of relays. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 15(6), 3796–3809 (2016)
Agrell, E., Karlsson, M.: Power-efficient modulation formats in coherent transmission systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 27(22), 5115–5126 (2009)
Al Naboulsi, M.C., Sizun, H., de Fornel, F.: Fog attenuation prediction for optical and infrared waves. Opt. Eng. 43(2), 319–330 (2004)
Aladeloba, A.O., Phillips, A.J., Woolfson, M.S.: Improved bit error rate evaluation for optically pre-amplified free-space optical communication systems in turbulent atmosphere. IET Optoelectron. 6(1), 26–33 (2012)
Alkholidi, A., Altowi, K.: Effect of clear atmospheric turbulence on quality of free space optical communications in Western Asia. In: Das, N. (ed.) Optical Communications Systems. InTech, London (2012)
AlQuwaiee, H., Ansari, I.S., Alouini, M.S.: On the performance of free-space optical wireless communication systems over double generalized gamma fading channels. In: 2014 International Conference on Communications and Networking (ComNet), IEEE (2014)
AlQuwaiee, H., Yang, H.-C., Alouini, M.-S.: On the asymptotic capacity of dual-aperture FSO systems with generalized pointing error model. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 15(9), 6502–6512 (2016)
AlQuwaiee, H., Ansari, I.S., Alouini, M.S.: On the maximum and minimum of double generalized Gamma variates with applications to the performance of free-space optical communication systems. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65(11), 8822–8831 (2016)
Aminikashani, M., Kavehrad, M., Gu, W.: Error performance analysis of FSO links with equal gain diversity receivers over double generalized gamma fading channels. In: Broadband Access Communication Technologies X, Vol. 9772, International Society for Optics and Photonics (2016)
Anees, S., Bhatnagar, M.R.: Performance evaluation of decode-and-forward dual-hop asymmetric radio frequency-free space optical communication system. IET Optoelectron. 9(5), 232–240 (2015)
Arain, S., et al.: Performance analysis of advance modulation schemes for free space optical networks. In: 2016 18th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), IEEE (2016)
Baker, K.R.: On the WMC density as an inverse Gaussian probability density. IEEE Trans. Commun. 44(1), 15–17 (1996)
Barrios, R., Dios, F.: Exponentiated Weibull distribution family under aperture averaging for Gaussian beam waves. Opt. Express 20(12), 13055–13064 (2012)
Barua, B.: Comparison the performance of free-space optical communication with OOK and BPSK modulation under atmospheric turbulence. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol (IJEST) 3(5), 4391–4399 (2011)
Barua, B., Hossain, M.M., Islam, M.R., Bashar, M.K.: Performance evaluation of different type of channel models in FSO communication. Int. J. Sci. Adv. Technol. 1(5), 2221–8386 (2011)
Bobby, B.: Error probability analysis of free-space optical links with different channel model under turbulent condition. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Info. Technol 4(1), 245–258 (2012)
Biswas, S. K., et al. Estimation of link range and bit rate for 16 channel WDM-FSO considering atmospheric turbulence and pointing error under various weather conditions. In: International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE), IEEE (2017)
Boucouvalas, A.C.: Challenges in optical wireless communications. Opt. Photonics News 16(9), 36–39 (2005)
Bova, B.: The story of light. Sourcebooks Inc, Illinois (2002)
Brown, D.: Terminal Velocity and the Collision/Coalescence Process. Intech, Croatia (2003)
Chadha, D.: Terrestrial wireless optical communication. McGraw-Hill, New York (2013)
Chand, N., Hunton, A.J., Eteson, B.M.: A comparative study of 2.667 Gb/s OOK, DPSK, and PPM modulation formats for FSO applications. In: Free-Space Laser Communications VIII, Vol. 7091, pp. 70910G. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2008)
Chatzidiamantis, Nestor D., et al. New results on turbulence modeling for free-space optical systems. In: 2010 17th International Conference on.Telecommunications (ICT), IEEE (2010)
Chatzidiamantis, N.D., Sandalidis, H.G., Karagiannidis, G.K., Matthaiou, M.: Inverse Gaussian modeling of turbulence-induced fading in free-space optical systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 29(10), 1590–1596 (2011)
Esmail, M A, Fathallah, H., Alouini, M.S.: Analysis of fog effects on terrestrial Free Space optical communication links. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), IEEE (2016)
Naimullah, B. S., et al.: Comparison of wavelength propagation for free space optical communications. In: 2008 International Conference on Electronic Design, ICED IEEE (2008)
Forin, D.M., et al.: Free space optical technologies. In: Bouras, C.J. (ed.) Trends in Telecommunications Technologies. InTech, London (2010)
Ghassemlooy, Z, Popoola, W.O., Leitgeb, E.: Free-space optical communication using subearrier modulation in gamma-gamma atmospheric turbulence. In: 2007 9th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, ICTON'07, Vol. 3, IEEE (2007)
Hemmati, H. (ed.): Near-earth laser communications. CRC Press, Boca Ratan (2009)
Ho, K.-P.: Phase-modulated optical communication systems. Science and Business Media, New York (2005)
Ijaz, M., Ghassemlooy, Z., Pesek, J., Fiser, O., Le Minh, H., Bentley, E.: Modeling of fog and smoke attenuation in free space optical communications link under controlled laboratory conditions. J. Lightwave Technol. 31(11), 1720–1726 (2013)
Ismail, T., Leitgeb, E.: Performance analysis of SIM-DPSK FSO system over lognormal fading with pointing errors. In: 2016 18th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), IEEE (2016)
Islam, M.S.,et al.: Reliability checking for digital modulation schemes in 4G-5G communication system: comparison between QPSK and QAM modulation techniques for beyond LTE. In: 2015 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology, ACM, (2015)
Jaiswal, A., Jain, V.K., Kar, S.: Adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) technique for performance enhancement of FSO Link. In: 2016 IEEE First International Conference on Control, Measurement and Instrumentation (CMI), IEEE (2016)
Jaiswal, I., Sangeetha, R.G., Suchetha, M.: Performance of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation-based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for free space optical transmission. IET Optoelectron. 10(4), 156–162 (2016)
Jasmine, S., Robinson, S., Malaisamy, K. : Investigation on free space optical communication for various atmospheric conditions. In: 2015 2nd International Conference on Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS), IEEE (2015)
Karlsson, M., Erik, A.: Generalized pulse-position modulation for optical power-efficient communication. In: 2011 37th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC), IEEE (2011)
Kashani, M.A., Uysal, M., Kavehrad, M.: A novel statistical channel model for turbulence-induced fading in free-space optical systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 33(11), 2303–2312 (2015)
Khallaf, Haitham S., et al.: Performance analysis of a hybrid QAM-MPPM technique under gamma-gamma turbulent channels. In: 2016 18th International Conference on. Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), IEEE (2016)
Kiasaleh, K.: Performance of APD-based, PPM free-space optical communication systems in atmospheric turbulence. IEEE Trans. Commun. 53(9), 1455–1461 (2005)
Kim, I.I., McArthur, B., Korevaar, E.J.: Comparison of laser beam propagation at 785 nm and 1550 nm in fog and haze for optical wireless communications. In: Optical Wireless Communications III, Vol. 4214, pp. 26–37. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2001)
Kruse, P.W., McGlauchlin, L.D., McQuistan, R.B.: Elements of infrared technology: Generation, transmission and detection. Wiley, New York (1962)
Letzepis, N., Fàbregas, A.G.: Outage probability of the free-space optical channel with doubly stochastic scintillation. In: 2008 International Symposium on Information Theory and Its Applications ISITA, IEEE (2008)
Lierke, E.G.: Infrared radiation modulator. U.S. Patent 3,955,880. 11 May 1976
Liu, X., et al.: Demonstration of record sensitivity in an optically pre-amplified receiver by combining PDM-QPSK and 16-PPM with pilot-assisted digital coherent detection. In: National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference Optical Society of America (2011)
Majumdar, A.K., Ricklin, J.C. (eds.): Free-space laser communications: principles and advances. Science and Business Media, Springer (2010)
Middleton, W.E.K.: Vision through the atmosphere. In: Bartels, J. (ed.) Geophysik II/Geophysics II, pp. 254–287. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (1957)
Muhammad, S.S., Kohldorfer, P. Leitgeb, E.: Channel modeling for terrestrial free space optical links. In 2005 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Transparent Optical Networks, Vol. 1, pp. 407-410, IEEE (2005)
Nadeem, F., Kvicera, V., Awan, M.S., Leitgeb, E., Muhammad, S.S., Kandus, G.: Weather effects on hybrid FSO/RF communication link. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 27(9), 1687–1697 (2009)
Nakagami, M.: The m-distribution—A general formula of intensity distribution of rapid fading. In: Hoffman, W.C. (ed.) Statistical Methods in RadioWave Propagation, pp. 3–36. Pergamon Press, New York (1960)
Ndujiuba, C.U., Oni, O., Ibhaze, A.E.: Comparative analysis of digital modulation techniques in LTE 4G systems. J. Wireless Network. Commun. 5(2), 60–66 (2015)
Nistazakis, H.E., Assimakopoulos, V.D., Tombras, G.S.: Performance estimation of free space optical links over negative exponential atmospheric turbulence channels. Optik 122(24), 2191–2194 (2011)
Oguchi, T.: Electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering in rain and other hydrometeors. Proc. IEEE 71(9), 1029–1078 (1983)
Özbilgin, T., Koca, M.: Polarization shift keying with pulse position modulation over atmospheric turbulence channels. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on.Communications (ICC), IEEE (2016)
Papoulis, A., Pillai, S.U.: Probability, random variables, and stochastic processes. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New York (2002)
Peppas, K.P., Stassinakis, A.N., Topalis, G.K., Nistazakis, H.E., Tombras, G.S.: Average capacity of optical wireless communication systems over IK atmospheric turbulence channels. IEEE/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 4(12), 1026–1032 (2012)
Plank, T., et al.: Wavelength selection on FSO-links. In: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on. Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), IEEE (2011)
Popoola, W.O., Ghassemlooy, Z.: BPSK subcarrier intensity modulated free-space optical communications in atmospheric turbulence. J. Lightwave Technol. 27(8), 967–973 (2009)
Prabu, K., Kumar, D.S., Srinivas, T.: Performance analysis of FSO links under strong atmospheric turbulence conditions using various modulation schemes. Optik 125(19), 5573–5581 (2014)
Samimi, H.: Distribution of the sum of K-distributed random variables and applications in free-space optical communications. IET Optoelectron. 6(1), 1–6 (2012)
Samimi, H.: New statistical model for atmospheric optical scintillation and its application. IET Optoelectron. 7(2), 31–37 (2013)
Sharma, S., Singh, H.: Comparison of different digital modulation techniques in LTE system using OFDM a WGN channel: a review. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 143(3), 1–4 (2016)
Sharma, N., Bansal, A., Garg, P.: On the performance of selective transmission based DF FSO system with generalized M-distributed turbulence. In: 2014 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), IEEE (2014)
Sharma, P.K., Garg, P., Gupta, A.: Coded cooperation over wireless optical links in weak turbulence with misalignment fading. In: 2016 Twenty Second National Conference on Communication (NCC), IEEE (2016)
Sharma, N., Bansal, A., Garg, P.: Decode-and-forward relaying in mixed η−μ and gamma–gamma dual hop transmission system. IET Commun. 10(14), 1769–1776 (2016)
Singh, H., Arora, M.: Comparison of bit error rate performance of different modulation techniques over turbulent FSO link. Int J Comput Appl 109(12), 20–24 (2015)
Singh, S., Soni, G.: Pointing error evaluation in FSO link. In: Fifth International Conference on advances in recent technologies and Computing. pp. 365–370. (2013)
Song, X., Yang, F., Cheng, J., Alouini, M.S.: BER of subcarrier MPSK and MDPSK systems in atmospheric turbulence. J. Lightwave Technol. 33(1), 161–170 (2014)
Soni, G., Malhotra, J.: Free space optics system: Performance and link availability. Int. J. Comput. Corpor. Res. 1(3), 24 (2011)
Sudheer, V V., Mandloi, A.: Enhanced coherent optical OFDM FSO link using diversity for different weather conditions. In: International Conference on. Recent Trends in Electronics, Information and Communication Technology (RTEICT), IEEE (2016)
Sun, H., Laurenson, D.I., Wang, C.-X.: Computationally tractable model of energy detection performance over slow fading channels. IEEE Commun. Lett. 14(10), 924–926 (2010)
Sunilkumar, K., Cherian, J.M., Chacko, S.C.: Investigation on the impact of pointing errors on the channel capacity and bit error rate of wireless optical links under atmospheric turbulence. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 4, 466–469 (2014)
Trigui, I., Laourine, A., Affes, S., Stéphenne, A.: The inverse Gaussian distribution in wireless channels: Second-order statistics and channel capacity. IEEE Trans. Commun. 60(11), 3167–3173 (2012)
Tsiftsis, T.A., Sandalidis, H.G., Karagiannidis, G.K., Uysal, M.: Optical wireless links with spatial diversity over strong atmospheric turbulence channels. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 8(2), 951–957 (2009)
Tyson, R.K.: Introduction to adaptive optics. SPIE press, London (2000)
Viswanath, A., Jain, V.K., Kar, S.: Analysis of earth-to-satellite free-space optical link performance in the presence of turbulence, beam-wander induced pointing error and weather conditions for different intensity modulation schemes. IET Commun. 9(18), 2253–2258 (2015)
Wang, Z., Zhong, W.D., Fu, S., Lin, C.: Performance comparison of different modulation formats over free-space optical (FSO) turbulence links with space diversity reception technique. IEEE Photonics J. 1(6), 277–285 (2009)
Wang, P., Cao, T., Guo, L., Wang, R., Yang, Y.: Performance analysis of multihop parallel free-space optical systems over exponentiated Weibull fading channels. IEEE Photonics J. 7(1), 1–17 (2015)
Wang, P., Zhang, J., Guo, L., Shang, T., Cao, T., Wang, R., Yang, Y.: Performance analysis for relay-aided multihop BPPM FSO communication system over exponentiated weibull fading channels with pointing error impairments. IEEE Photonics J. 7(4), 1–20 (2015)
Wang, P., Xiang, N., Gao, Q., Wang, R., Guo, L., Yang, Y.: On the performances of $ N $ the best user selection scheme in multiuser diversity free-space optical systems over exponentiated weibull turbulence channels. IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1–15 (2016)
Willebrand, H., Ghuman, B.S.: Free space optics: enabling optical connectivity in today’s networks. SAMS publishing, United States (2002)
Yang, L., Gao, X., Alouini, M.-S.: Performance analysis of free-space optical communication systems with multiuser diversity over atmospheric turbulence channels. IEEE Photonics J. 6(2), 1–17 (2014)
Yi, X., Yao, M., Wang, X.: MIMO FSO communication using subcarrier intensity modulation over double generalized gamma fading. Optics Commun. 382, 64–72 (2017)
Zedini, E., Soury, H., Alouini, M.S.: On the performance analysis of dual-hop mixed FSO/RF systems. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 15(5), 3679–3689 (2016)
Zhang, H.: Performance analysis of different modulation techniques for free-space optical communication system. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun. Comput. Electron. Cont. 13(3), 880–888 (2015)
Zhu, X., Kahn, J.M.: Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels. IEEE Trans. Commun. 50(8), 1293–1300 (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anandkumar, D., Sangeetha, R.G. A survey on performance enhancement in free space optical communication system through channel models and modulation techniques. Opt Quant Electron 53, 5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02629-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02629-6