Abstract
Alkaloids are derived mainly from amino acids, and their biosynthesis includes multistep reactions. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA), which are secondary metabolites, are produced by the medically and economically important opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). The latex of poppy capsule is the main source of BIA, including mainly opium alkaloids such as codeine, papaverine, thebaine, and noscapine. To analyze BIA-related gene expression at the molecular level, genome-wide transcriptome analyses were carried out in opium-poppy capsule tissues, using 12 × 135 K (12 × 135,000 features) NimbleGen microarrays of opium poppy at 0, 3, and 12 h. Fungal elicitor methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatment was applied to the surface of the capsules of opium poppy at 0, 3, and 12 h. The measurement of specific BIA showed that the treated capsules were especially rich in morphine and noscapine. The differential expression of genes related to BIA biosynthesis was detected from 3 to 12 h after MeJa treatment. Overall, 2,459 out of the 95,608 probes identified specific differential gene expression. Many altered transcripts (629) were detected after 12 h of treatment. Altered levels of gene expression were also detected in BIA biosynthesis-pathway genes, such as NCS, CNMT, SalR, 16TOMT, 6OMT, COR and StySyn. Gene ontology analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in many processes and functions. Upon induction with MeJa, response to stimuli- and stress-related transcripts were induced significantly in opium poppies. In addition, transcripts related to specific metabolic processes were well represented. Pathway analysis revealed that BIA biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, sucrose and starch metabolism, as well as purine metabolism pathways were affected significantly. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanism of opium-poppy defense upon MeJa treatment, facilitating a better understanding of processes underlying the BIA biosynthesis network.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen RS, Millgate AG, Chitty JA, Thisleton J, Miller JA, Fist AJ, Gerlach WL, Larkin PJ (2004) RNAi-mediated replacement of morphine with the nonnarcotic alkaloid reticuline in opium poppy. Nat Biotechnol 22(12):1559–1566. doi:10.1038/nbt1033
Angelova S, Buchheim M, Frowitter D, Schierhorn A, Roos W (2010) Overproduction of alkaloid phytoalexins in California poppy cells is associated with the co-expression of biosynthetic and stress-protective enzymes. Mol Plant 3(5):927–939
Bolstad BM, Irizarry RA, Åstrand M, Speed TP (2003) A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and BIA. Bioinformatics 19(2):185–193
Bonilla A, Sarria A, Algar E, Muñoz Ledesma F, Ramos Solano B, Fernandes J, Gutierrez Mañero F (2014) Microbe associated molecular patterns from rhizosphere bacteria trigger germination and Papaver somniferum metabolism under greenhouse conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 74:133–140
Bricchi I, Bertea CM, Occhipinti A, Paponov IA, Maffei ME (2012) Dynamics of membrane potential variation and gene expression induced by Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae, and Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 7(10):e46673
Chen J, Zou X, Liu Q, Wang F, Feng W, Wan N (2014) Combination effect of chitosan and methyl jasmonate on controlling Alternaria alternata and enhancing activity of cherry tomato fruit defense mechanisms. Crop Prot 56:31–36
Choi K-B, Morishige T, Shitan N, Yazaki K, Sato F (2002) Molecular cloning and characterization of coclaurinen-methyltransferase from cultured cells of Coptis japonica. J Biol Chem 277(1):830–835
Creelman RA, Mullet JE (1997) Biosynthesis and action of jasmonates in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 48(1):355–381
D’Onofrio C, Cox A, Davies C, Boss PK (2009) Induction of secondary metabolism in grape cell cultures by jasmonates. Funct Plant Biol 36(4):323–338
De-Eknamkul W, Zenk MH (1992) Purification and properties of 1, 2-dehydroreticuline reductase from Papaver somniferum seedlings. Phytochemistry 31(3):813–821
Decker G, Wanner G, Zenk MH, Lottspeich F (2000) Characterization of proteins in latex of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and microsequencing.Electrophoresis 21:3500–3516
Denancé N, Sánchez-Vallet A, Goffner D, Molina A (2013) Disease resistance or growth: the role of plant hormones in balancing immune responses and fitness costs. Front Plant Sci 4:155
Desgagné-Penix I, Khan M, Schriemer D, Cram D, Nowak J, Facchini P (2010) Integration of deep transcriptome and proteome analyses reveals the components of alkaloid metabolism in opium poppy cell cultures. BMC Plant Biol 10(1):252
Droux M (2004) Sulfur assimilation and the role of sulfur in plant metabolism: a survey. Photosynth Res 79(3):331–348
Ehness R, Ecker M, Godt DE, Roitsch T (1997) Glucose and stress independently regulate source and sink metabolism and defense mechanisms via signal transduction pathways involving protein phosphorylation. Plant Cell Online 9(10):1825–1841
Facchini PJ, De Luca V (1994) Differential and tissue-specific expression of a gene family for tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase in opium poppy. J Biol Chem 269(43):26684–26690
Facchini PJ, Park S-U (2003) Developmental and inducible accumulation of gene transcripts involved in alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. Phytochemistry 64(1):177–186
Figueiredo A, Fortes AM, Ferreira S, Sebastiana M, Choi YH, Sousa L, Acioli-Santos B, Pessoa F, Verpoorte R, Pais MS (2008) Transcriptional and metabolic profiling of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves unravel possible innate resistance against pathogenic fungi. J Exp Bot 59(12):3371–3381
Franceschi VR, Krokene P, Christiansen E, Krekling T (2005) Anatomical and chemical defenses of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests. New Phytol 167(2):353–376
Glombitza S, Dubuis P-H, Thulke O, Welzl G, Bovet L, Götz M, Affenzeller M, Geist B, Hehn A, Asnaghi C (2004) Crosstalk and differential response to abiotic and biotic stressors reflected at the transcriptional level of effector genes from secondary metabolism. Plant Mol Biol 54(6):817–835
Hagel JM, Facchini PJ (2010) Dioxygenases catalyze the O-demethylation steps of morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy. Nat Chem Biol 6(4):273–275
Holková I, Bezáková L, Bilka F, Balažová A, Vanko M, Blanáriková V (2010) Involvement of lipoxygenase in elicitor-stimulated sanguinarine accumulation in Papaver somniferum suspension cultures. Plant Physiol Biochem 48(10):887–892
Huang F-C, Kutchan TM (2000) Distribution of morphinan and benzo [c] phenanthridine alkaloid gene transcript accumulation in Papaver somniferum. Phytochemistry 53(5):555–564
Hubert DA, Tornero P, Belkhadir Y, Krishna P, Takahashi A, Shirasu K, Dangl JL (2003) Cytosolic HSP90 associates with and modulates the Arabidopsis RPM1 disease resistance protein. EMBO J 22(21):5679–5689
Irizarry RA, Hobbs B, Collin F, Beazer‐Barclay YD, Antonellis KJ, Scherf U, Speed TP (2003) Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data. Biostatistics 4(2):249–264
Kawalleck P, Plesch G, Hahlbrock K, Somssich IE (1992) Induction by fungal elicitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase mRNAs in cultured cells and leaves of Petroselinum crispum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(10):4713–4717
Komarnisky LA, Christopherson RJ, Basu TK (2003) Sulfur: its clinical and toxicologic aspects. Nutrition 19(1):54–61
Ku KM, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA (2014) Optimization of methyl jasmonate application to broccoli florets to enhance health‐promoting phytochemical content. J Sci Food Agric 94:2090–2096
Lachman J, Hejtmankova A, Miholova D, Kolihova D, Tluka P (2006) Relations among alkaloids, cadmium and zinc contents in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Plant Soil Environ 52(6):282
Lee E-J, Facchini P (2010) Norcoclaurine synthase is a member of the pathogenesis-related 10/Bet v1 protein family. Plant Cell Online 22(10):3489–3503
Lee E-J, Facchini PJ (2011) Tyrosine aminotransferase contributes to benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. Plant Physiol 157(3):1067–1078
Leustek T, Martin MN, Bick J-A, Davies JP (2000) Pathways and regulation of sulfur metabolism revealed through molecular and genetic studies. Annu Rev Plant Biol 51(1):141–165
Liscombe DK, Facchini PJ (2007) Molecular cloning and characterization of tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase, an enzyme involved in alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. J Biol Chem 282(20):14741–14751
Liscombe DK, MacLeod BP, Loukanina N, Nandi OI, Facchini PJ (2005) Evidence for the monophyletic evolution of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in angiosperms. Phytochemistry 66(11):1374–1393
Mishra S, Triptahi V, Singh S, Phukan UJ, Gupta M, Shanker K, Shukla RK (2013a) Wound ınduced tanscriptional regulation of benzylisoquinoline pathway and characterization of wound ınducible PsWRKY transcription factor from Papaver somniferum. PLoS One 8(1):e52784
Mishra S, Triptahi V, Singh S, Phukan UJ, Gupta MM, Shanker K, Shukla RK (2013b) Wound induced tanscriptional regulation of benzylisoquinoline pathway and characterization of wound inducible PsWRKY transcription factor from Papaver somniferum. PLoS One 8(1):e52784. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052784
Mittra B, Ghosh P, Henry S, Mishra J, Das T, Ghosh S, Babu C, Mohanty P (2004) Novel mode of resistance to Fusarium infection by a mild dose pre-exposure of cadmium in wheat. Plant Physiol Biochem 42(10):781–787
Morimoto S, Suemori K, Moriwaki J, Taura F, Tanaka H, Aso M, Tanaka M, Suemune H, Shimohigashi Y, Shoyama Y (2001) Morphine metabolism in the opium poppy and ıts possible physiological function bıochemıcal characterızatıon of the morphıne metabolite, bısmorphıne. J Biol Chem 276(41):38179–38184
Morishige T, Tsujita T, Yamada Y, Sato F (2000) Molecular characterization of the S-adenosyl-l-methionine: 3′-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4′-O-methyltransferase ınvolved in ısoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in Coptis japonica. J Biol Chem 275(30):23398–23405
Nessler CL, Allen RD, Galewsky S (1985) Identification and characterization of latex-specific proteins in opium poppy. Plant Physiol 79(2):499–504
Pieterse CM, Leon-Reyes A, Van der Ent S, Van Wees SC (2009) Networking by small-molecule hormones in plant immunity. Nat Chem Biol 5(5):308–316
Ross J, Li Y, Lim E-K, Bowles DJ (2001) Higher plant glycosyltransferases. Genome Biol 2(2):3004.3001–3004.3006
Samanani N, Liscombe DK, Facchini PJ (2004) Molecular cloning and characterization of norcoclaurine synthase, an enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Plant J 40(2):302–313
Schaller A, Stintzi A (2009) Enzymes in jasmonate biosynthesis–structure, function, regulation. Phytochemistry 70(13):1532–1538
Tabor CW, Tabor H (1985) Polyamines in microorganisms. Microbiol Rev 49(1):81
Turktas M, Inal B, Okay S, Erkilic EG, Dundar E, Hernandez P, Dorado G, Unver T (2013) Nutrition metabolism plays an Important role in the alternate bearing of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). PLoS One 8(3):e59876
Untergasser A, Cutcutache I, Koressaar T, Ye J, Faircloth BC, Remm M, Rozen SG (2012) Primer3—new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res 40(15):e115
Unterlinner B, Lenz R, Kutchan TM (1999) Molecular cloning and functional expression of codeinone reductase: the penultimate enzyme in morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Plant J 18(5):465–475
Unver T, Budak H (2009) Conserved microRNAs and their targets in model grass species Brachypodium distachyon. Planta 230(4):659–669
Unver T, Parmaksiz I, Dundar E (2010) Identification of conserved micro-RNAs and their target transcripts in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Plant Cell Rep 29(7):757–769. doi:10.1007/s00299-010-0862-4
Wasternack C, Kombrink E (2009) Jasmonates: structural requirements for lipid-derived signals active in plant stress responses and development. ACS Chem Biol 5(1):63–77
Weid M, Ziegler J, Kutchan TM (2004) The roles of latex and the vascular bundle in morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(38):13957–13962
Winzer T, Gazda V, He Z, Kaminski F, Kern M, Larson TR, Li Y, Meade F, Teodor R, Vaistij FE (2012) A Papaver somniferum 10-gene cluster for synthesis of the anticancer alkaloid noscapine. Science 336(6089):1704–1708
Ye K, Ke Y, Keshava N, Shanks J, Kapp JA, Tekmal RR, Petros J, Joshi HC (1998) Opium alkaloid noscapine is an antitumor agent that arrests metaphase and induces apoptosis in dividing cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(4):1601–1606
Zheng Z, Wu M (2004) Cadmium treatment enhances the production of alkaloid secondary metabolites in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Sci 166(2):507–514
Ziegler J, Facchini PJ, Geißler R, Schmidt J, Ammer C, Kramell R, Voigtländer S, Gesell A, Pienkny S, Brandt W (2009) Evolution of morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy. Phytochemistry 70(15):1696–1707
Ziegler J, Voigtländer S, Schmidt J, Kramell R, Miersch O, Ammer C, Gesell A, Kutchan TM (2006) Comparative transcript and alkaloid profiling in Papaver species identifies a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase involved in morphine biosynthesis. Plant J 48(2):177–192
Ziska LH, Panicker S, Wojno HL (2008) Recent and projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the potential impacts on growth and alkaloid production in wild poppy (Papaver setigerum DC.). Clim Chang 91(3–4):395–403
Zulak KG, Khan MF, Alcantara J, Schriemer DC, Facchini PJ (2009) Plant defense responses in opium poppy cell cultures revealed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 8(1):86–98
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Gaziosmanpaşa University (grant no: 212/47), the Ministry of Development (grant no: DPT2010K120720), and TUBITAK (grant no: 109O661 and 111O036).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Figure S1a
(XLSX 74 kb)
Figure S1b
(XLSX 81 kb)
Figure S1c
(XLSX 66 kb)
Figure S1d
(XLSX 58 kb)
Figure S1e
(PDF 1104 kb)
Figure S1f
(XLSX 70 kb)
Table S1
(XLSX 173 kb)
Table S2
(XLSX 119 kb)
Table S3
(XLSX 16 kb)
Table S4
(DOC 31 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gurkok, T., Turktas, M., Parmaksiz, I. et al. Transcriptome Profiling of Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Elicitor Induced Opium Poppy. Plant Mol Biol Rep 33, 673–688 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-014-0772-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-014-0772-7