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To compete or not compete: exploring the relationships between motorcycle-based ride-sourcing, motorcycle taxis, and public transport in the Jakarta metropolitan area

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Abstract

In the last decade, the emergence of ride-sourcing services has transformed personal trip behavior. In the context of Indonesia, ride-sourcing services have evolved into two modes of transport: motorcycle-based and car-based. The presence of such services has strongly impacted consumers’ choices of travel mode. However, the main question is whether the ride-sourcing service is a complement or a substitute for the existing public transport and conventional taxis. Using 438 motorcycle-based, ride-sourcing consumers, we applied a structural equation model to investigate the relationships between motorcycle-based ride-sourcing, motorcycle taxis, and public transport in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area. The result shows that motorcycle-based ride-sourcing works as a complementary mode for the TransJakarta bus and Jakarta commuter train, but as a competitor with the motorcycle taxis. Contrarily, motorcycle taxis supported the existence of motorcycle-based ride-sourcing. The study also found that individuals use motorcycle taxis as feeders to transit stops. Individuals commonly use motorcycle taxis and motorcycle-based ride-sourcing for short travel distances. The demographic features and technology use experience also drive individuals’ choice of the three transportation modes. Integrating public transport with motorcycle-based ride-source services, and legalizing motorcycle taxis and motorcycle-based ride sourcing as forms of public transport are two main proposed policies that seek to increase public transport demand, ensure service quality, safety, and fares, and reduce the potential conflict between all three.

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Notes

  1. See: www.go-jek.com/go-ride/.

  2. See the Act No. 22/2009 (Traffic and Road Transport) Article No. 138. Available at: http://hubdat.dephub.go.id/uu/288-uu-nomor-22-tahun-2009-tentang-lalu-lintas-dan-angkutan-jalan.

  3. See Regional Regulation of Jakarta Province No. 5/2014. Available at: https://pelayanan.jakarta.go.id/download/regulasi/peraturan-daerah-nomor-5-tahun-2014-tentang-transportasi.pdf.

  4. See: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/12/18/jokowi-defends-ride-hailing-apps-transportation-ministry-withdraws-ban.html.

  5. IDR 1000 = USD 0.071.

  6. Survey respondents were generally younger, better educated, and more represented by women than the average population in the JMA. Ten respondents were younger than 15 years old, specifically 13 to 14 year old junior high school students. It was feared that their responses might bias the results. However, since no respondents were in elementary school and they were able to travel without parental supervision, we decided to include this data.

  7. Good fit if GFI ≥ 0.9; a critical Hoelter critical N of 200 or better indicates a satisfactory fit, while a value under 75 is unacceptable; good fit if RMSEA ≤ 0.05, and reasonable fit if RMSEA ≤ 0.08; good fit if Chi square/df ≤ 3, and adequate fit if chi-square/df ≤ 5.

  8. See: https://www.iseptaphilly.com/blog/Uber.

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Acknowledgements

This research has been supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education. We are grateful for the anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the paper. The remaining errors are our own (Grant No. 170/UN1/DITLIT/DIT-LIT/LT/2018).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Muhammad Zudhy Irawan & Fajar Wijanarko

  2. School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

    Prawira Fajarindra Belgiawan

  3. Department of Safety, Economics, and Planning, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway

    Ari Krisna Mawira Tarigan

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  1. Muhammad Zudhy Irawan
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Irawan, M.Z., Belgiawan, P.F., Tarigan, A.K.M. et al. To compete or not compete: exploring the relationships between motorcycle-based ride-sourcing, motorcycle taxis, and public transport in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Transportation 47, 2367–2389 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10019-5

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