Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Urbanization of multidimensional poverty: empirical evidences from Pakistan

  • Published:
Quality & Quantity Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Urban poverty has become an emerging dilemma in the developing countries, which is distinct from rural poverty due to several socio-economic attributes and remained unexplored at the national level. The methodological structure, encircles the absence of multiple domains i.e. health, education and housing services, to offer a deeper and wider understanding of wellbeing. The study estimates the magnitude of multidimensional poverty at regional level in urban Pakistan along with percentage contribution of each sub-group in overall poverty index through adjusted FGT measures on the basis of household integrated economic survey (HIES/PSLM) five data sets (1998–1999, 2001–2002, 2004–2005, 2005–2006 and 2007–2008). The overall incidence of urban poverty at the national level in Pakistan was estimated around 29, 32, 25, 29 and 28 % respectively during the study period. The incidence of multidimensional poverty on average slightly decreased across the regions (administrative divisions) over the span of 10 years, while urbanizing the multidimensional poverty dilemma through increasing the regional proportionate contribution. Meeting the core ideology of millennium development goals, present study emphasis the urbanization of poverty in the multidimensional spectrum at regional level in Pakistan and propose policy inputs to construct poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) and curbing out urbanization of poverty.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alkire, S., Foster, J.: Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. OPHI Working Paper Series. Revised January 2008. University of Oxford (2008)

  • Alkire, S., Santos, M.E.: Acute multidimensional poverty: a new index for developing countries. Oxford University and human development initiative (OPHI) (2010)

  • Alkire, S., Seth, S.: Multidimensional poverty reduction in India between 1999 and 2006: where and How? OPHI working paper no: 60. Oxford poverty and human development initiative (OPHI). Oxford Department of International Development. Queen Elizabeth House (QEH), University of Oxford (2013)

  • Amjad, R., Kemal, A.R.: Macroeconomic policies and their impact on poverty alleviation of Pakistan. Pak. Dev. Rev. 36(1), 39–68 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arif, G.M.: Recent rise in poverty and its implications for poor households in Pakistan. Pak. Dev. Rev. Part. II. 39(4), 1153–1170 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arif, G.M.: Child health and poverty in Pakistan. Pak. Dev. Rev. 43(3), 211–238 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arif, G.M.: Pakistan poverty assessment update. Poverty, economic growth and inequality: a review of Pakistan’s poverty literature. Background Paper Series:1. Poverty Group, Country Policy Operations Unit. Pakistan Resident Mission, Asian Development Bank (2006)

  • Arif, G.M., Bilquees, F.: Chronic and transitory poverty in Pakistan: evidence from a longitudinal household survey. Pak. Dev. Rev. 2(46), 111–127 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arif, G.M., Farooq, S.: Dynamics of Rural Poverty in Pakistan: Evidence from Three Waves of the Panel Survey. Islamabad, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Awan, M.S., Malik, N., Sarwar, H., Waqas, M.: Impact of education on poverty reduction. Int. J. Acad. Res. 3(1), 659 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxall, J.: Governance and poverty. Paper presented at the joint workshop on poverty reduction strategies in Mongolia, The World Bank, Ulan Bator (2000)

  • Bourguignon, F., Chakravarty, S.R.: The measurement of multidimensional poverty. J. Econ. Inequal. 1, 25–49 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarty, S.R.: A family of unit consistent multidimensional poverty indices. UNU WIDER conference. Helsinki, Finland (2008)

  • Chaudhry, I.S.: Poverty alleviation in Southern Punjab (Pakistan): an empirical evidence from the project area of Asian Development Bank. Int. Res. J. Finance Econ. ISSN 1450–2887 (23) (2009)

  • Chaudhry, I.S., Malik, S., Imran, A.: Urban poverty and governance: the case of Multan City. Pak. Dev. Rev. Part II 45(4), 819–830 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhry, I. S., Malik, S., Hassan, A., Faridi, M. Z.: Does education alleviate poverty? Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Int. Res. J. Finance Econ. ISSN 1450–2887 (52) (2010)

  • Datt, G., Jolliffe, D.: Determinants of poverty in Egypt: 1997. Food consumption and nutrition division, International Food Policy and Research Institute. Discussion Paper No. 75. Washington, DC (1999)

  • Eid, U.: Good governance for poverty reduction. Paper presented at the Asian development bank seminar on the new social policy and poverty agenda for Asia and the Pacific, Chiang Mai, Thailand (2000)

  • Fan, S., Chan-Kang, C.: Road development, economic growth, and poverty reduction in China. Research Report. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC (2005)

  • Fan, S., Chan-Kang, C., Mukherjee, A.: Rural and urban dynamics and poverty: evidence from China and India. International Food Policy and Research Institute, Food Consumption and Nutrition Division. Washington, DC 20006–1002 USA (2005)

  • Foster, J.: A report of Mexican multidimensional poverty measurement. Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), Working Paper No. 40 (2007)

  • Franco, S., Harriss-White, B., Saith, R., Stewart, F.: Alternative Realities? Different Concepts of Poverty Their Empirical Consequences and Policy Implications. Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunewardena, D.: Urban Poverty in South Asia: What Do We Know? What Do We Need to Know?. Department of Economics, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., Hamid, D., Alonso-Terme, R.: Does corruption affect income inequality and poverty. International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper No. 98/76, Washington, DC (1998)

  • Haq, R.: Transition of poverty in Pakistan: evidence from longitudinal data. Pak. Dev. Rev. 43(4), 895–909 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamal, H.: Estimation of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan. Research Report No. 79 (2009)

  • Khan, A.U., Saboor, A.: Mapping and measuring of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan: static and dynamic approach. Indigenous Fellowship Program, Ph D Thesis, Higher Education Commission Pakistan (2011)

  • Khan, A.U., Saboor, A., Mian, S.A., Malik, I.A.: Approximation of multidimensional poverty across regions in Pakistan. Eur. J. Soc. Sci. 2(24), 226–236 (2011a)

  • Khan, A.U., Saboor, A., Ahmad, S., Ali, I.: Mapping and measuring of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan: empirical investigations. Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci. 9(2), 121–127 (2011b)

  • Khan, A.U., Saboor, A., Hussain, A., Sadiq, S., Mohsin, A.Q.: Investigating multidimensional poverty across the regions in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Social Indicators Research, Springer, Dordrecht (2013a). doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0511-8

  • Khan, A.U., Saboor, A., Hussain, A., Sadiq, S., Mohsin, A.Q.: Poverty assessment as a multidimensional socio-economic concept: the case of the Rawalpindi region in Pakistan. Asia Pac. J. Soc. Work Dev. 00(0), 1–13 (2013b). doi:10.1080/02185385.2013.844724

  • Khan, M.A., Khan, M.Z., Zaman, K., Hassan, U., Umar, S.: Global estimates of growth inequality—poverty (GIP) triangle: evidence from World Bank’s classification countries. Quality and Quantity, Springer 48(5), 2631–2646 (2014a)

  • Khan, M.A., Khan, M.Z., Zaman, K., Khan, M.M.: The evolving role of agricultural technology indicators and economic growth in rural poverty: has the ideas machine broken down? Qual. Quant. 48, 2007–2022 (2014b)

  • Khan, M.A., Khan, M.Z., Zaman, K., Khan, A.: Poverty-growth-inequality triangle by principal component analysis: with an empirical illustration using Pakistan’s data. Int. J. Rural Dev. 10(1), 69–86 (2014c)

  • Krishna, A.: Characteristics and patterns of intergenerational poverty traps and escapes in rural north India. CPRC Working Paper No 189 (2011)

  • Kruijk, H.D., Rutten, M.: Weighting dimensions of poverty based on people’s priorities: Constructing a composite poverty index for Maldives. Institute of International & Development Economics. Discussion Paper: 2007–8(01) (2007)

  • Laderchi, R.C., Saith, S., Stewart, F.: Does it matter that we do not agree on the definition of poverty? A comparison of four approaches. Oxf. Dev. Stud. 31(3), 243 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laquian, A.A.: Who are the Poor and How Are They: Being Served in Asian Cities?. University of British Columbia, Vancouver (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Naseem, S.M.: A review of studies on poverty in Pakistan: origin, evolution, thematic content and future directions. History of PIDE Series-6. Pakistan Institute of Developing conomics, Islamabad. ISBN 978-969-461-145-7 (2012)

  • Nasir, Z.M., Nazli, H.: Education and earnings in Pakistan. Research Report No. 177. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) (2000)

  • Naveed, A., Islam, T.: Estimating multidimensional poverty and identifying the poor in Pakistan: an alternative approach. Department for International Development (DFID). Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty. RECOUP Working Paper No. 28. Islamabad, Pakistan (2010)

  • Niazi, M.I., Khan, A.U.: The impact of education on multidimensional poverty across the regions in Punjab. J. Elem. Educ. 21(1), 77–89 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Preece, J.: Widening participation for social justice: poverty and access to education. Chap. 7. Springer, Dortrecht, 113–126 (2006)

  • Qureshi, S.K., Arif, G.M.: Profile of poverty in Pakistan 1998–99. MIMAP Technical paper series No.5. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad (2001)

  • Sharma, K.: Changing profile of urban poverty: a case study of Jharkhand (India), Transcience. 3(2). ISSN, 2191–1150 (2012)

  • Thorbecke, E.: Multi-dimensional poverty: conceptual and measurement issues. International Conference, UNDP International Poverty Centre, Brasilia (2005)

  • UN., (United Nations) Millennium Project: Fast Facts: The Faces of Poverty. http://www.unmilleniumproject.org/documents/3-MP-PovertyFacts-E.pdf (2002). Accessed 07 Nov 2013

  • UN., (United Nations): Statistics Division. Progress towards the millennium development goals 1990–2005 (2004)

  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programmes): The millennium development goals report (2010)

  • WB (World Bank): The World Bank Annual Report 2010. The World Bank, 1818 H St. NW. Washington, DC 20433 USA (2010)

  • Yu, J.: Multidimensional Poverty in China: Findings Based on CHNS. Peking University China, Centre for Human and Economic Development Studies, Peking (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaman, K., Khan, M.M., Ahmad, M., Shabir, M.: The study of pro-poor growth and poverty reduction in Pakistan (1999–2006). Soc. Chang. 42(2), 249–261 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman, K., Khilji, B.A.: A note on pro-poor social expenditures. Qual. Quant. 48, 2121–2154 (2013)

  • Zaman, K., Khilji, B.A.: Sectoral decompositions of changes in Pakistan’s poverty: the new interface. J. Poverty, Taylor & Francis Group 18(4), 453–476 (2014)

Download references

Acknowledgments

Higher Education Commission and Oxford.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics, Preston University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Atta Ullah Khan

  2. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Abdul Saboor

  3. Department of Economics & Agri. Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Ikram Ali

  4. School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Wasim Shahid Malik

  5. Federal Seed Certification, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Khalid Mahmood

Authors
  1. Atta Ullah Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdul Saboor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ikram Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wasim Shahid Malik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Khalid Mahmood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Atta Ullah Khan.

Appendix

Appendix

See the Tables 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Table 6 Deprivation of core dimensions (education, health and housing facilities): 1998–1999
Full size table
Table 7 Deprivation of core dimensions (education, health and housing facilities): 2001–2002
Full size table
Table 8 Deprivation of core dimensions (education, health and housing facilities): 2004–2005
Full size table
Table 9 Deprivation of core dimensions (education, health and housing facilities): 2005–2006
Full size table
Table 10 Deprivation of core dimensions (education, health and housing facilities): 2007–2008
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khan, A.U., Saboor, A., Ali, I. et al. Urbanization of multidimensional poverty: empirical evidences from Pakistan. Qual Quant 50, 439–469 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0157-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0157-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation