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Enhanced photocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange dye and its mineralization pathway by immobilized TiO2/polyaniline

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Abstract

An immobilized TiO2/polyaniline (TiO2/PANI) bilayer photocatalyst was fabricated to decolorize methyl orange (MO) dye in aqueous solution. The synergistic decolorization of MO occurred via photocatalysis by TiO2 top layer and adsorption by PANI sub-layer. The fabrication of the photocatalyst was pertaining to the loading of TiO2 (0.32–2.24 mg cm−2) and PANI (0.32–1.92 mg cm−2). Increasing the loading would increase the thickness of the layer whereas an increment in the adsorption rate constant would essentially increase the synergistic photocatalytic–adsorption in the decolorization of MO. The TiO2 and PANI layer loading was optimized at 1.27 and 0.63 mg cm−2, respectively. The optimized TiO2/PANI photocatalyst removed MO dye by four and three times more effectively than the TiO2 and PANI single layer, respectively. The aeration, which supplied the dissolved oxygen, was optimized at 40 mL min−1 of flow rate. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of MO was initiated by the demethylation followed by the aromatic ring opening and ended with a complete oxidation of the aliphatic chain to become CO2 and H2O. The TOC and IC analyses confirmed the mineralization of MO.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia for providing the research facilities as well as Malaysian Ministry of Education for funding this research and N. N. Bahrudin via FRGS Grant (203/PKIMIA/6711228) and My Brain 15 scholarship, respectively. We would also like to express our gratitude to Dr. Ali H Jawad (UiTM Shah Alam) for his assistance in XRD analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia

    N. N. Bahrudin & M. A. Nawi

  2. Photocatalysis Group, FSG, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

    W. I. Nawawi

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK

    W. I. Nawawi

Authors
  1. N. N. Bahrudin
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  2. M. A. Nawi
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  3. W. I. Nawawi
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Correspondence to N. N. Bahrudin.

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Bahrudin, N.N., Nawi, M.A. & Nawawi, W.I. Enhanced photocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange dye and its mineralization pathway by immobilized TiO2/polyaniline. Res Chem Intermed 45, 2771–2795 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-019-03762-y

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