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Solar Sources of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections During the Solar Cycle 23/24 Minimum

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Abstract

We examine solar sources for 20 interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) observed in 2009 in the near-Earth solar wind. We performed a detailed analysis of coronagraph and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations from the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) and Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). Our study shows that the coronagraph observations from viewpoints away from the Sun–Earth line are paramount to locate the solar sources of Earth-bound ICMEs during solar minimum. SOHO/LASCO detected only six CMEs in our sample, and only one of these CMEs was wider than 120∘. This demonstrates that observing a full or partial halo CME is not necessary to observe the ICME arrival. Although the two STEREO spacecraft had the best possible configuration for observing Earth-bound CMEs in 2009, we failed to find the associated CME for four ICMEs, and identifying the correct CME was not straightforward even for some clear ICMEs. Ten out of 16 (63 %) of the associated CMEs in our study were “stealth” CMEs, i.e. no obvious EUV on-disk activity was associated with them. Most of our stealth CMEs also lacked on-limb EUV signatures. We found that stealth CMEs generally lack the leading bright front in coronagraph images. This is in accordance with previous studies that argued that stealth CMEs form more slowly and at higher coronal altitudes than non-stealth CMEs. We suggest that at solar minimum the slow-rising CMEs do not draw enough coronal plasma around them. These CMEs are hence difficult to discern in the coronagraphic data, even when viewed close to the plane of the sky. The weak ICMEs in our study were related to both intrinsically narrow CMEs and the non-central encounters of larger CMEs. We also demonstrate that narrow CMEs (angular widths ≤ 20∘) can arrive at Earth and that an unstructured CME may result in a flux rope-type ICME.

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Acknowledgements

The LASCO CME catalog is generated and maintained at the CDAW Data Center by NASA and The Catholic University of America in cooperation with the Naval Research Laboratory. SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA. The authors thank the STEREO/SECCHI consortium for providing the data. The SECCHI data used here were produced by an international consortium of the Naval Research Laboratory (USA), Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Lab (USA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (USA), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK), University of Birmingham (UK), Max-Planck-Institut for Solar System Research (Germany), Centre Spatiale de Liège (Belgium), Institut d’Optique Theorique et Appliquée (France), and Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (France). LR partially contributes to the research for the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 263252 [COMESEP]. We acknowledge support from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through the ESA-PRODEX program. We acknowledge support from the CHARM framework (Contemporary physical challenges in Heliospheric and AstRophysical Models), a phase VII Interuniversity Attraction Pole (IAP) program organised by BELSPO. This research has been funded by the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme initiated by the Belgian Science Policy Office (IAP P7/08 CHARM). EKJK acknowledges the Academy of Finland (project 1218152). MM would like to thank Eva Robbrecht and Elke D’Huys for constructive discussions on stealth CMEs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Division of Geophysics and Astronomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    E. K. J. Kilpua

  2. Solar-Terrestrial Center of Excellence – SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Av. Circulaire 3, 1180, Brussels, Belgium

    M. Mierla, A. N. Zhukov & L. Rodriguez

  3. Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Jean-Louis Calderon 19-21, 020032, Bucharest-37, Romania

    M. Mierla

  4. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia

    A. N. Zhukov

  5. Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA

    A. Vourlidas & B. Wood

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  1. E. K. J. Kilpua
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Kilpua, E.K.J., Mierla, M., Zhukov, A.N. et al. Solar Sources of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections During the Solar Cycle 23/24 Minimum. Sol Phys 289, 3773–3797 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-014-0552-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-014-0552-4

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