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Temporal Evolution of Solar Energetic Particle Spectra

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Abstract

During solar flares and coronal mass ejections, Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) may be released into the interplanetary medium and near-Earth locations. The energy spectra of SEP events at 1 AU are typically averaged over the entire event or studied in a few snapshots. In this article we analyze the time evolution of the energy spectra of four large selected SEP events using a large number of snapshots. We use a multi-spacecraft and multi-instrument approach for the observations, obtained over a wide SEP energy range. We find large differences in the spectra at the beginning of the events as measured by different instruments. We show that over time, a wave-like structure is observed traveling through the spectra from the highest energies to the lowest energies, creating an “arch” shape that then straightens into a power law later in the event, after times on the order of 10 hours. We discuss the processes that determine SEP intensities and their role in shaping the spectral time evolution.

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Notes

  1. See http://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html .

  2. See http://www.helio-vo.eu .

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Acknowledgements

We thank the instrument teams for providing the publicly available data used in this study. We acknowledge use of the VEPO analysis tool as well as data and services provided by SEPEM and SEPSERVER. S.D. acknowledges support from STFC grant ST/M00760X/1. D.D. thanks P. Zelina, University of Central Lancashire, for the use in this study of STEREO plots made with IDL.

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    Donald J. Doran & Silvia Dalla

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Correspondence to Silvia Dalla.

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Doran, D.J., Dalla, S. Temporal Evolution of Solar Energetic Particle Spectra. Sol Phys 291, 2071–2097 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0956-4

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