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Galaxy Alignments: Observations and Impact on Cosmology

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Abstract

Galaxy shapes are not randomly oriented, rather they are statistically aligned in a way that can depend on formation environment, history and galaxy type. Studying the alignment of galaxies can therefore deliver important information about the physics of galaxy formation and evolution as well as the growth of structure in the Universe. In this review paper we summarise key measurements of galaxy alignments, divided by galaxy type, scale and environment. We also cover the statistics and formalism necessary to understand the observations in the literature. With the emergence of weak gravitational lensing as a precision probe of cosmology, galaxy alignments have taken on an added importance because they can mimic cosmic shear, the effect of gravitational lensing by large-scale structure on observed galaxy shapes. This makes galaxy alignments, commonly referred to as intrinsic alignments, an important systematic effect in weak lensing studies. We quantify the impact of intrinsic alignments on cosmic shear surveys and finish by reviewing practical mitigation techniques which attempt to remove contamination by intrinsic alignments.

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Notes

  1. http://www.galaxyzoo.org/.

  2. See Joachimi et al. (2015) for details of the history of these observations and the messy nomenclature that resulted.

  3. http://www.gama-survey.org/.

  4. Note the two works use different conventions for the Hubble constant.

  5. http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/Missions/iras.html.

  6. http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/.

  7. https://www.sdss3.org/dr8/algorithms/classify.php#photo_iso.

  8. http://www.euclid-ec.org/.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the support of the International Space Science Institute Bern for two workshops at which this work was conceived. We thank J. Blazek for stimulating discussions.

MLB is supported by the European Research Council (EC FP7 grant number 280127) and by a STFC Advanced/Halliday fellowship (grant number ST/I005129/1).

HH, CS and MC acknowledge support from the European Research Council under FP7 grant number 279396.

BJ acknowledges support by an STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellowship, grant reference ST/J004421/1.

TDK is supported by a Royal Society URF.

RM acknowledges the support of NASA ROSES 12-EUCLID12-0004.

MC was supported by the Netherlands organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Vidi grant 639.042.814.

AC acknowledges support from the European Research Council under the EC FP7 grant number 240185.

AK was supported in part by JPL, run under a contract by Caltech for NASA. AK was also supported in part by NASA ROSES 13-ATP13-0019 and NASA ROSES 12-EUCLID12-0004.

AL acknowledges the support of the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 624151.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    Donnacha Kirk, Benjamin Joachimi & Adrienne Leonard

  2. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

    Michael L. Brown

  3. Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Henk Hoekstra, Cristóbal Sifón & Marcello Cacciato

  4. Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK

    Thomas D. Kitching

  5. McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Rachel Mandelbaum

  6. Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK

    Ami Choi

  7. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

    Alina Kiessling

  8. Laboratoire d’astrophysique (LASTRO), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, CH-1290, Versoix, Switzerland

    Anais Rassat

  9. Astronomisches Recheninstitut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Björn Malte Schäfer

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  1. Donnacha Kirk
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Kirk, D., Brown, M.L., Hoekstra, H. et al. Galaxy Alignments: Observations and Impact on Cosmology. Space Sci Rev 193, 139–211 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0213-4

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