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MASCOT—The Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout Onboard the Hayabusa2 Mission

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Abstract

On December 3rd, 2014, the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) launched successfully the Hayabusa2 (HY2) spacecraft to its journey to Near Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu. Aboard this spacecraft is a compact landing package, MASCOT (Mobile Asteroid surface SCOuT), which was developed by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) in collaboration with the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Similar to the famous predecessor mission Hayabusa, Hayabusa2, will also study an asteroid and return samples to Earth. This time, however, the target is a C-type asteroid which is considered to be more primitive than (25143) Itokawa and provide insight into an even earlier stage of our Solar System.

Upon arrival at asteroid Ryugu in 2018, MASCOT will be released from the HY2 spacecraft and gently descend by free fall from an altitude of about 100 m to the surface of the asteroid. After a few bounces, the lander will come to rest at the surface and perform its scientific investigations of the surface structure and mineralogical composition, the thermal behaviour and the magnetic properties by operating its four scientific instruments. Those include an IR imaging spectrometer (MicrOmega, IAS Paris), a camera (MASCAM, DLR Berlin), a radiometer (MARA, DLR Berlin) and a magnetometer (MASMAG, TU Braunschweig).

In order to allow optimized payload operations the thermal design of MASCOT is required to cope with the contrasting requirements of the 4-year cruise in cold environment versus the hot conditions on the surface of the asteroid. Operations up to 2 asteroid days (∼16 hours) based on a primary battery are currently envisaged. A mobility mechanism allows locomotion on the surface. The mechanism is supported by an attitude and motion sensing system and an intelligent autonomy manager, which is implemented in the onboard software that enables MASCOT to operate fully independently when ground intervention is not available.

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Abbreviations

ADC:

Analog-to-Digital Converter

CFRP:

Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced Plastic

CoG:

Center of Gravity

DC:

Direct Current

E-box:

Electronic Box

EM:

Engineering Model

EQM:

Engineering Quantification Model

FM:

Flight Model

FS:

Flight Spare

FPGA:

Field Programmable Gate Array

GNC:

Guidance, Navigation and Control

HY2:

Hayabusa2

LED:

Light-Emitting Diode

MAM:

MASCOT Autonomy Manager

MASCAM:

MASCOT CAMera

MARA:

MASCOT Radiometer

MASMAG:

MASCOT MAGnetometer

MLI:

Multi-Layer Insulation

MOSFET:

Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor

MSC:

MASCOT

NEA:

Non Explosive Actuator

OBC:

On-board Computer

OPS:

Optical Proximity Sensor

PCDU:

Power Conditioning and Distribution Unit

PCB:

Printed Circuit Board

PEC:

Photoelectric Cell Sensor

SAR:

Safe Activation Reaction

SDVF:

Software Design and Validation Facility

SLI:

Single Layer Insulation

UMC:

Umbilical Separation Connecter

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Acknowledgements

MASCOT was developed and built under the leadership of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) with contributions (battery and PCDU subsystems) from the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Space Systems, DLR (German Aerospace Center), Robert-Hooke-Str. 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Tra-Mi Ho, Volodymyr Baturkin, Christian Grimm, Jan Thimo Grundmann, Catherin Hobbie, Eugen Ksenik, Caroline Lange, Kaname Sasaki, Markus Schlotterer, Maria Talapina, Nawarat Termtanasombat, Elisabet Wejmo, Lars Witte, Michael Wrasmann, Guido Wübbels, Johannes Rößler & Christian Ziach

  2. DLR, Königswinterer Str. 522-524, 53227, Bonn, Germany

    Ross Findlay

  3. Space Operations and Astronaut Training, MUSC, DLR, Linder Höhe, 51147, Köln, Germany

    Jens Biele, Christian Krause & Stephan Ulamec

  4. Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, DLR, Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany

    Michael Lange & Olaf Mierheim

  5. Robotic and Mechatronics Center, DLR, Münchener Straße 20, 82234, Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling, Germany

    Roy Lichtenheldt, Maximilian Maier, Josef Reill & Hans-Jürgen Sedlmayr

  6. CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France

    Pierre Bousquet, Anthony Bellion, Olivier Bompis, Celine Cenac-Morthe, Muriel Deleuze, Stephane Fredon, Eric Jurado & Elisabet Canalias

  7. Institute of Planetary Research, DLR, Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489, Berlin-Adlershof, Germany

    Ralf Jaumann & Matthias Grott

  8. IAS, Université Paris Sud, Bat 121, 91405, Orsay cedex, France

    Jean-Pierre Bibring

  9. Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 3, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany

    Karl Heinz Glassmeier & David Hercik

  10. Active Space Technologies GmbH, Carl-Scheele-Strasse 14, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    Luca Celotti

  11. Telespazio-Vega, Europaplatz 5, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany

    Federico Cordero

  12. Airbus DS, 88039, Friedrichshafen, Germany

    Jeffrey Hendrikse

  13. ISAS/JAXA, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Japan

    Tatsuaki Okada

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Correspondence to Tra-Mi Ho.

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Ho, TM., Baturkin, V., Grimm, C. et al. MASCOT—The Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout Onboard the Hayabusa2 Mission. Space Sci Rev 208, 339–374 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0251-6

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