Abstract
Our understanding of processes occurring in the heliosphere historically began with reduced dimensionality - one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) sketches and models, which aimed to illustrate views on large-scale structures in the solar wind. However, any reduced dimensionality vision of the heliosphere limits the possible interpretations of in-situ observations. Accounting for non-planar structures, e.g. current sheets, magnetic islands, flux ropes as well as plasma bubbles, is decisive to shed the light on a variety of phenomena, such as particle acceleration and energy dissipation. In part I of this review, we have described in detail the ubiquitous and multi-scale observations of these magnetic structures in the solar wind and their significance for the acceleration of charged particles. Here, in part II, we elucidate existing theoretical paradigms of the structure of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field, with particular attention to the fine structure and stability of current sheets. Differences in 2D and 3D views of processes associated with current sheets, magnetic islands and flux ropes are discussed. We finally review the results of numerical simulations and in-situ observations, pointing out the complex nature of magnetic reconnection and particle acceleration in a strongly turbulent environment.
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All data and material used are from public open-access data depositories and archives (see Acknowledgements for details).
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References
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in the framework of International Team 405 entitled “Current Sheets, Turbulence, Structures and Particle Acceleration in the Heliosphere.”. O.P. thanks Dr. D. Trotta and Dr. F. Catapano for friendly and precious conversations on some of the topics discussed in this review.
Funding
R.K., H.M. and O.K. are partially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) grant 19-02-00957. H.M. acknowledges the partial support of Volkswagen Foundation grant Az90 312. J. A. le Roux acknowledges support from NASA Grants 80NSSC19K027, NSF-DOE grant PHY-1707247, and NSF-EPSCoR RII-Track-1 Cooperative Agreement OIA-1655280. S.S. acknowledges the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 776262 (AIDA, www.aida-space.eu).
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Pezzi, O., Pecora, F., le Roux, J. et al. Current Sheets, Plasmoids and Flux Ropes in the Heliosphere. Space Sci Rev 217, 39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00799-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00799-7