Abstract
Spirulina has been used as a food source from many years for human and animals because of its superior profile of nutrition. Spirulina (SPA) having antiviral activities can boost immune system, and better nutritional profile can increase growth performance by improving gut morphology. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of spirulina supplementation in ration on the humoral and cellular immune response, gut histomorphology, and economics of broiler production. A total of 120 day-old chicks were assigned to 4 dietary treatment; SPA0, SPA1, SPA2, and SPA3, each with 3 replicates having 10 birds in each replicate until 42 days of age. Treatment SPA0 was kept as control, and the birds were fed on basal ration, while the other treatments SPA1, SPA2, and SPA3 were supplemented with 1, 1.5, and 2 g spirulina/kg feed, respectively. Dietary supplementation of SPA3 significantly (P < 0.05) improved feed intake (8.95%), weight gain (12.5%), feed conversion ratio, and dressing percentage than that of control. Dietary treatment of SPA had comparatively low level of heterophil and higher level of lymphocytes than the control treatment. Spirulina supplementation had significant (P < 0.05) effect over antibody titer, against ND vaccine. The supplementation of SPA in diet at all levels has a significant effect on lengths of villi, and it increased number of goblet cells. The SPA3 showed significant increase in net and gross return of birds followed by SPA2, SPA1, and SPA0. It was concluded that spirulina improved growth performance, gut integrity, and immunity with better economics in broiler production.
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Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of authors from the Department of Poultry Science, Department of Animal Health and Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar for their generous assistance during completion of this study and writing up of this manuscript. Excellent support in the laboratory analysis by laboratory assistants is also acknowledged.
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The authors received financial support from the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for completion of this study.
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The study was approved by the Committee of Ethics of Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar. All procedures performed in this study involving 120 broilers were in accordance with the ethical standards of the above said ethical committee.
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Khan, S., Mobashar, M., Mahsood, F.K. et al. Spirulina inclusion levels in a broiler ration: evaluation of growth performance, gut integrity, and immunity. Trop Anim Health Prod 52, 3233–3240 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02349-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02349-9