Abstract
Windowing techniques have been widely used for preprocessing of samples before fast Fourier transform (FFT) in real time spectral analysis to minimize spectral leakage and picket fence effect. Among all popular window functions, Kaiser-Bessel window is an obvious choice for its better spectral characteristics. In this paper, CORDIC (CO-ordinate Rotation DIgital Computer) based VLSI architecture for implementing Kaiser-Bessel window has been proposed for real time applications. The parallel-pipelined technique has been adopted for the present design to ensure high throughput. Various architectural design and implementation issues have been discussed. The physical synthesis for ASIC implementation of proposed architecture using Synopsys design compiler(Design Vision) and commercially available 0. 18 μm CMOS yields the core area of 52 mm 2and worst case dynamic power of 890 mW at an operating frequency and voltage of 400 MHz and 1.8 V respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zivanovic, M., & Carlosena, A. (2006). On asymmetric analysis windows for detection of closely spaced signal components. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 20(3), 702–717.
Muthuswamy, J., & Thakor, N.V. (1998). Spectral analysis methods for neurological signals. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 83(1), 1–14.
Banerjee, A., Dhar, A.S., Banerjee, S. (2001). FPGA realization of a CORDIC based FFT processor for biomedical signal processing. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 25(3), 131–142.
Sansaloni, T., Perez-Pascual, A., Torres, V., Almenar, V., Toldo, J.F., Valls, J. (2008). FFT spectrum analyzer project for teching digital signal processing with FPGA devices. IEEE Transactions on Education, 50(3), 229–235.
Barros, J., & Diego, R.I. (2006). Effects of windowing on the measurement of harmonics and interharmonics in the IEC standard framework. In Instrumentation and measurement technology conference (IMTC2006) (pp. 2294–2299).
Xu, F. (2006). Algorithm to remove spectral leakage, close-in noise, and its application to converter test. In Instrumentation and measurement technology conference (IMTC2006) (pp. 1038–1042).
Prabhu, K.M.M., & Bhoopathy Bagan, B.K. (1989). Variable parameter window families for digital spectral analysis. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 37(6), 946–949.
Higgins, R.J. (1990). Digital signal processing in VLSI. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Prabhu, K.M.M., & Agrawal J.P. (1978). Selection of data windows for digital signal processing. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech, and signal processing (IEEE-ICASSP-1978) (pp. 79–82).
Yuegang, W., Shao, J., Hongtao, X. (2007). Non-stationary signals processing based on STFT. In The eighth international conference on electronic measurement & instruments (pp. 301–304).
Zhang, S., Yu, D., Sheng, S. (2006). A discrete STFT processor for real-time spectrum analysis. In Proceedings on circuits and systems, IEEE Asia-Pacific conference, (IEEE-APCCAS6) (pp. 1943–1946).
Cheng-Ying, Y., Sau-Gee, C., Jen-Chuan, C. (2006). Efficient CORDIC design for multimode OFDM FFT. In Proceedings on acoustics, speech and signal processing, (ICASSP06) (pp. 1036–1039).
Shuenn-shyang, W., & Chien-Sung, L. (2008). An area-efficient design of variable length fast Fourier transform processor. Journal of Signal Processing Systems, 51, 245–256.
Zhong, K., Zhu, G., He, H. (2003). A single-chip, ultra high-speed FFT architecture. In Proceedings on ASIC 5th international conference.
Samad, A., Ragoub, A., Othman, M., Shariff, Z.A.M. (1998). Implementation of a high speed fast Fourier transform VLSI chip. Microelectronics Journal, 29(11), 881–887.
Ray, K.C., & Dhar, A.S. (2006). CORDIC based unified VLSI architecture for implementing window functions for real time spectral analysis. IEE Proceedings - Circuits Devices and Systems, 153(6), 539–544.
Haviland, G.L., & Tuszynsky, A.A. (1980). A CORDIC arithmetic processor chip. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 29(2), 68–79.
Arulalan, M.R., Jamadagni, H.S., Rao, A. (2008). Novel Window functions for digital filters. In Fifth international conference on information technology: new generations (pp. 1184–1185).
Hou, W., & Kwon, H.M. (1999). Complementary filter design for testing of IS-95 Code Division Multiple Access wireless communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 48(1), 34–38.
Gnecchi, J.A.G., Garcia, J.C.H., Alvarado, J.D. (2007). Auxiliary neurofeedback system for diagnostic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In Electronics, robotics and automotive mechanics conference (pp. 135–138).
Bergen, S.W.A., & Antoniou, A. (2005). Application of Parametric window functions to the STDFT Method for Gene Prediction. In Proceedings on communication, computers and signal processing, (IEEE-PACRIM05) (pp. 324–327).
Rade, L., & Westergren, B.B. (1992). Beta mathematics hand books (3rd Ed.). Cleveland: CRC Press.
Hu, X., Harber, R.G., Bass, S.C. (1991). Expanding the range of convergence of the CORDIC algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 40(1), 13–21.
Padala, S.K., & Prabhu, K.M.M. (1999). Pipelined CORDIC processors for generating Gaussian random numbers. Signal Processing, 72(3), 177–181.
Hu, Y.H. (1992). CORDIC-based VLSI architectures for digital signal processing. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 9(3), 16–35.
Boudabous, A., Fahmi Ghozzi, M., Kharrat, W., Masmoudi, N. (2004). Implementation of hyperbolic functions using CORDIC algorithm. In Proceedings on international conference on microelectronics, (ICM04) (pp. 738–741).
Harris, D. (2003). A taxonomy of parallel prefix networks. In IEEE conference on signals, systems, and computers (pp. 2213–2217).
Hu, Y.H. (1992). The quantization effects of the CORDIC algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 40(4), 834–844.
Sung, T.U., & Hsin, H.C. (2007). Fixed point error analysis of CORDIC arithmetic for special-purpose signal processing. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences, A(9), 2006–2013.
Park, S.Y., & Cho, N.I. (2004). Fixed-point error analysis of CORDIC processor based on the variance propagation formula. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-1: Regular Papers, 51(3), 573–584.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ray, K.C., Dhar, A.S. CORDIC-Based VLSI Architecture for Implementing Kaiser-Bessel Window in Real Time Spectral Analysis. J Sign Process Syst 74, 235–244 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-013-0781-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-013-0781-z