Abstract
Stress responses can be measured at various levels of biological organization, from sub-organism through to ecosystem level. This study aimed to investigate stress protein induction as a sub-organism level stress response in two South African freshwater aquatic macroinvertebrates exposed to detergent linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Shrimp Caridina nilotica and limpet Burnupia stenochorias were exposed to a range of LAS concentrations (0, 1, 1.8, 3.2, 6.5 and 12.7 mg/L and 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/L respectively) for 96 h. Surviving organisms were prepared for sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. In C. nilotica there appeared to be induction of a putative ≈ 70 kDa protein at 12.7 mg/L LAS, and induction of putative ≈45 and ≈40 kDa proteins at concentrations of 6.5 mg/L LAS and above. However, only an Hsp70 protein was detected with anti-Hsp72/Hsc73 at 12.7 mg/L LAS. No protein induction was observed in exposed B. stenochorias, however an Hsp40 protein was detected with anti-Hsp40 in exposed and unexposed limpets.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamowicz, M., Kelley, P. M., & Nickerson, K. W. (1991). Detergent (sodium dodecyl sulfate) shock proteins in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 229–233.
Adams, S. M., & Tremblay, L. A. (2003). Integration of chemical and biological tools in environmental management and regulation. Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 9, 157–164.
Agell, G., Turon, X., De Caralt, S., Lopez-Legentil, S., & Uriz, M. J. (2004). Molecular and organism biomarkers of copper pollution in the ascidian Pseudodistoma crucigaster. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 759–767.
ANZECC & ARMCANZ. (2000). Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality. Volume 1. Canberra: Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agricultural and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand.
Belanger, S. E., Bowling, J. W., Lee, D. M., LeBlanc, L. M., Kerr, K. M., McAvoy, D. C., et al. (2002). Integration of aquatic fate and ecological responses to linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) in model stream ecosystems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 52, 50–171.
Bierkens, J. (2000). Applications and pitfalls of stress-proteins in biomonitoring. Toxicology, 153, 61–72.
Bierkens, J., Maes, J., & Van der Plaetse, F. (1998). Dose-dependent induction of heat shock protein 70 synthesis in Raphidocelis subcapitata following exposure to different classes of environmental pollutants. Environmental Pollution, 101, 91–97.
Brown, D. S. (1994). Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance. London: Taylor and Francis.
Cochrane, B. J., Irby, R. B., & Snell, T. W. (1991). Effects of copper and tributylin on stress protein abundance in the rotifer Brachionus plicatis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 98, 385–390.
De Pomerai, D. I. (1996). Heat-shock proteins as biomarkers of pollution. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 15, 279–285.
DWAF. (2000). A protocol for acute toxicity testing using selected riverine invertebrates in artificial stream systems. Version 1.0. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.
Eckwert, E., Alberti, G., & Kohler, H. -R. (1997). The induction of stress proteins (hsp) in Oniscus asellus (Isopoda) as a molecular marker of multiple heavy-metal exposure: I. Principles and toxicological assessment. Ecotoxicology, 6, 249–262.
Gething, M. -J., & Sambrook, J. (1992). Protein folding in the cell. Nature, 355, 33–45.
Harlow, E., & Lane, D. (1988). Antibodies. A laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Hart, R. C. (1981). Population dynamics and production of the tropical freshwater shrimp Caridina nilotica (Decapoda:Atyidae) in the littoral of Lake Sibaya. Freshwater Biology, 11, 531–547.
Hart, R. C. (1983). Temperature tolerances and southern African distribution of a tropical freshwater shrimp Caridina nilotica (Decapoda:Atyidae). South African Journal of Zoology, 18, 67–70.
Holt, M. S., Fox, K. K., Daniel, M., & Buckland, H. (2003). Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and boron monitoring in four catchments in the UK contribution to GREAT-ER # 11. Science of the Total Environment, 314–316, 271–288.
Kammenga, J. E., Arts, M. S. J., & Oude-Breuil, W. J. M. (1998). Hsp60 as a potential biomarker of toxic stress in the nematode Plectus acuminatus. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 34, 253–258.
Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227, 680–685.
Lewis, M. A. (1991). Chronic and sublethal toxicities of surfactants to aquatic animals: A review and risk assessment. Water Research, 25, 101–113.
Matthijs, E., Holt, M. S., Kiewiet, A., & Rijs, G. B. J. (1999). Environmental monitoring for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxylate, alcohol ethoxy sulfate, alcohol sulfate, and soap. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18, 2634–2644.
McAvoy, D. C., Eckhoff, W. S., & Rapaport, R. A. (1993). Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 12, 977–987.
McCarty, L. S., & Munkittrick, K. R. (1996). Environmental biomarkers in aquatic toxicology: fiction, fantasy, or functional? Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2, 268–274.
Nielsen, A. D., Borch, K., & Westh, P. (2000). Thermochemistry and the specific binding of C12 surfactants to bovine serum albumin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1479, 321–331.
OECD. (2000). Guidance document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures. OECD series on testing and assessment, number 23. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Pyza, E., Mak, P., Kramarz, P., & Laskowski, R. (1997). Heat shock proteins (HSP70) as biomarkers in ecotoxicological studies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 38, 244–251.
Sanders, B. M. (1993). Stress proteins in aquatic organisms: An environmental perspective. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 23, 49–75.
Sanders, B. M., Martin, L. S., Nelson, W. G., Phelps, D. K., & Welch, W. (1991). Relationships between accumulation of a 60 KDa stress-protein and Scope-for-Growth in Mytilus edulis exposed to a range of copper concentrations. Marine Environmental Research, 31, 81–97.
Towbin, H., Staehelin, T., & Gordon, J. (1979). Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences–Biological Sciences, 76, 4350–4354.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Ms Caryn McNamara for her advice and assistance. Funding for this research was provided by the Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth, UK and the Water Research Commission, South Africa.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gordon, A.K., Blatch, G.L., Daniel, S. et al. Stress Protein Responses in South African Freshwater Invertebrates Exposed to Detergent Surfactant Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS). Water Air Soil Pollut 193, 123–130 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9676-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9676-1