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Fragile Watermarking Based on QR Decomposition and Fourier Transform

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Abstract

In this study, a fragile watermarking technique is introduced for verifying images based on QR decomposition and Fourier Transform (FT). At first, we apply the FT to the host image to achieve the frequency domain, yielding a high-quality image. Then the resulting image is decomposed using QR factorization. In the meantime, the watermark image is decomposed only via QR factorization. Then, we add a coefficient of matrix R from the watermark image to the matrix R from the host image. This process embeds a proportion of the watermark image inside the host image. According to the experiments, our scheme is susceptible to the weakest attacks, so it is a fragile watermarking technique. So it helps to understand whether an image is manipulated or not. The validation dataset is composed of some images from the USC-SIPI image database.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Mathematical Sciences and Computer, Kharazmi University, 50 Taleghani Avenue, 1561836314, Tehran, Iran

    Fatemeh Nejati

  2. Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Hedieh Sajedi & Alireza Zohourian

Authors
  1. Fatemeh Nejati
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  2. Hedieh Sajedi
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  3. Alireza Zohourian
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Correspondence to Hedieh Sajedi.

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Nejati, F., Sajedi, H. & Zohourian, A. Fragile Watermarking Based on QR Decomposition and Fourier Transform. Wireless Pers Commun 122, 211–227 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08895-1

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