Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Opportunistic Routing Protocol Based EPO–BES in MANET for Optimal Path Selection

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite its various benefits, the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has a number of obstacles due to its mobility, unstable topology, energy efficiency, and other factors. In such an environment, routing protocols are required to transfer packets from source to destination. Due to the limited range of each mobile node's wireless broadcasts, some mobile nodes can operate as intermediary nodes to forward a packet to its destination. In MANET, the multipath routing technique is used to decrease the routing overhead. It can be accomplished by minimizing network traffic. This paper aims to reduce the routing overhead to improve the effectiveness of broadcasting messages successfully. The Position-based Opportunistic Routing protocol is used to identify the optimal routing path in the network. The opportunistic routing system is mostly employed in MANET data transmission to reduce overhead. This paper presented a hybrid routing algorithm with the combination of Emperor Penguin Optimization (EPO) and the Bald Eagle Search (BES) algorithm (EPO–BES) for finding the best-forwarded path to moderate the routing overhead problem in MANET. NS2 platform is utilized to perform the routing operation and compared with existing techniques such as NKR, PSO-GA, PSO-BLAP, QUACS, and SGC-MO. The proposed method has obtained higher PDR, path optimality, end-to-end delay, throughput, routing overhead, load balancing, and energy consumption than other approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Code Availability

Custom code.

References

  1. Jabbar, W. A., Saad, W. K., & Ismail, M. (2018). MEQSA-OLSRv2: A multicriteria-based hybrid multipath protocol for energy-efficient and QoS-aware data routing in MANET-WSN convergence scenarios of IoT. IEEE Access, 6, 76546–76572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Anand, M., & Sasikala, T. (2019). Efficient energy optimization in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) using better-quality AODV protocol. Cluster Computing, 22(5), 12681–12687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Saudi, N. A. M., Arshad, M. A., Buja, A. G., Fadzil, A. F. A., & Saidi, R. M. (2019). Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) routing protocols: A performance assessment. In Proceedings of the third international conference on computing, mathematics and statistics (iCMS2017) (pp. 53–59). Springer, Singapore.

  4. Jiayu, L., Hai, L., & Qin, Z. (2019). Optimization scheme of proactive routing protocol for high mobility MANETs. In 2019 IEEE 2nd international conference on electronics technology (ICET) (pp. 121–125).

  5. Polara, V., & Rathod, J. M. (2021). A study of mobile ad hoc network and its performance optimization algorithm. Computer networks, big data and IoT (pp. 131–142). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Moila, R. L, & Velempini, M. (2020). Evaluating the effectiveness of QoS-aware routing protocols for cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. In 2020 international conference on artificial intelligence, big data, computing and data communication systems (icABCD), IEEE (pp. 1–5).

  7. Rahmani, A.M., Tehrani, Z.H and Souri, A. (2021). Evaluation of energy consumption in routing protocols for opportunistic networks. Telecommunication Systems, 1–33.

  8. Olusanya, M. O., & Vincent, O. R. (2020). A manet-based emergency communication system for environmental hazards using opportunistic routing. In 2020 international conference in mathematics, computer engineering and computer science (ICMCECS), IEEE (pp. 1–6).

  9. Junnarkar, A. A., Singh, Y. P., & Deshpande, V. S. (2020). Qmaa: Qos and mobility aware aco based opportunistic routing protocol for manet. Computational intelligence in data mining (pp. 63–72). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Hemalatha, R., Umamaheswari, R., & Jothi, S. (2021). LF distribution and equilibrium optimizer based fuzzy logic for multipath routing in MANET. Wireless Personal Communications, 120, 1837–1861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Khalid, K., Woungang, I., Dhurandher, S. K., & Singh, J. (2021). Reinforcement learning-based fuzzy geocast routing protocol for opportunistic networks. Internet of Things, 14, 100384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kumar, S. S., Manimegalai, P., & Karthik, S. (2019). A rough set calibration scheme for energy effective routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks. Cluster Computing, 22(6), 13957–13963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Selvi, P. T., & GhanaDhas, C. S. (2019). A novel algorithm for enhancement of energy efficient zone based routing protocol for MANET. Mobile Networks and Applications, 24(2), 307–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Sharma, D. K., Dhurandher, S. K., Agarwal, D., & Arora, K. (2019). kROp: k-Means clustering based routing protocol for opportunistic networks. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 10(4), 1289–1306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Thanuja, R., & Umamakeswari, A. (2019). Black hole detection using evolutionary algorithm for IDS/IPS in MANETs. Cluster Computing, 22(2), 3131–3143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yang, H., Li, Z., & Liu, Z. (2019). A method of routing optimization using CHNN in MANET. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 10(5), 1759–1768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Selvakumar, M., & Sudhakar, B. (2021). Energy efficient clustering with secure routing protocol using hybrid evolutionary algorithms for mobile adhoc networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 1–19.

  18. Darwish, S. M., Elmasry, A., & Ibrahim, S. H. (2019). Optimal shortest path in mobile ad-hoc network based on fruit fly optimization algorithm. In International conference on advanced machine learning technologies and applications (pp. 91–101). Springer, Cham.

  19. Fradj, H. B., Anane, R., & Bouallegue, R. (2019). Opportunistic routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 104(3), 921–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Deepa, J., & Sutha, J. (2019). A new energy based power aware routing method for MANETs. Cluster Computing, 22(6), 13317–13324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Prabhavat, S., Narongkhachavana, W., Thongthavorn, T & Phankaew, C. (2019). Low Overhead Localized Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2019.

  22. Sekar, P. C., & Mangalam, H. (2019). Third generation memetic optimization technique for energy efficient routing stability and load balancing in MANET. Cluster Computing, 22(5), 11941–11948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Goyal, A., & Sharma, V. K. (2019). Improving the MANET routing algorithm by GC-efficient neighbor selection algorithm. Available at SSRN 3446673.

  24. Alameri, I. A. (2019). A novel approach to comparative analysis of legacy and nature inspired ant colony optimization based routing protocol in MANET. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University. https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.54.4.18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Robinson, Y. H., Balaji, S., & Julie, E. G. (2019). PSOBLAP: Particle swarm optimization-based bandwidth and link availability prediction algorithm for multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 106(4), 2261–2289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Robinson, Y. H., Krishnan, R. S., Julie, E. G., Kumar, R., & Thong, P. H. (2019). Neighbor knowledge-based rebroadcast algorithm for minimizing the routing overhead in mobile ad-hoc networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 93, 101896.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Chengetanai, G., & Osunmakinde, I. O. (2018). QUACS: Routing data packets in ad hoc networks on buffer-constrained load balancing conditions during emergency rescue crisis. Wireless Personal Communications, 99(3), 1345–1375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Rajan, C., & Shanthi, N. (2015). Genetic based optimization for multicast routing algorithm for MANET. Sadhana, 40(8), 2341–2352.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  29. Yang, S., Zhong, F., Yeo, C. K., Lee, B. S., & Boleng, J. (2009). Position based opportunistic routing for robust data delivery in MANETs. In GLOBECOM 2009–2009 IEEE global telecommunications conference, IEEE, (pp. 1–6).

  30. Dhiman, G., & Kumar, V. (2018). Emperor penguin optimizer: A bio-inspired algorithm for engineering problems. Knowledge-Based Systems, 159, 20–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Alsattar, H. A., Zaidan, A. A., & Zaidan, B. B. (2019). Novel meta-heuristic bald eagle search optimisation algorithm. Artificial Intelligence Review, 53, 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ECE Department, MNM Jain Engineering College, Chennai, India

    K. Bagirathan

  2. Department of Information Technology, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chennai, India

    Anandhakumar Palanisamy

Authors
  1. K. Bagirathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anandhakumar Palanisamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Bagirathan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

K. Bagirathan & Dr. Anandhakumar Palanisamy declared that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bagirathan, K., Palanisamy, A. Opportunistic Routing Protocol Based EPO–BES in MANET for Optimal Path Selection. Wireless Pers Commun 123, 473–494 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-09140-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-09140-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation