Abstract
There is a need to measure tumor hypoxia in assessing the aggressiveness of tumor and predicting the outcome of therapy. A number of invasive and noninvasive techniques have been exploited to measure tumor hypoxia, including polarographic needle electrodes, immunohistochemical staining, radionuclide imaging (positron emission tomography [PET] and single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging (bioluminescence and fluorescence), and so on. This review article summarizes and discusses the pros and cons of each currently available method for measuring tissue oxygenation. Special emphasis was placed on noninvasive imaging hypoxia with emerging new agents and new imaging technologies to detect the molecular events that are relevant to tumor hypoxia.
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Acknowledgment
This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH). G.N., who currently has an Imaging Sciences Training Fellowship, is jointly supported by the Radiology and Imaging Sciences Department, NIH Clinical Center, and the Intramural Research Program, NIBIB, NIH.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Sun, X., Niu, G., Chan, N. et al. Tumor Hypoxia Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 13, 399–410 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11307-010-0420-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11307-010-0420-z