Abstract
Introduction
Nanomaterials have widespread applications in several industrial sectors. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most commonly used metal oxide NPs in personal care products, coating and paints. However, their potential toxicological impact on the environment is largely unexplored.
Materials and methods
The aim of this work was to evaluate whether ZnO nanoparticles exert toxic and genotoxic effects upon terrestrial organisms: plants (Lepidium sativum, Vicia faba), crustaceans (Heterocyipris incongruens), insects (Folsomia candida). To achieve this purpose, organisms pertaining to different trophic levels of the soil ecosystem have been exposed to ZnO NPs. In parallel, the selected soil organisms have been exposed to the same amount of Zn in its ionic form (Zn2+) and the effects have been compared.
Results
The most conspicuous effect, among the test battery organisms, was obtained with the ostracod H. incongruens, which was observed to be the most sensitive organism to ZnO NPs. The root elongation of L. sativum was also mainly affected by exposure to ZnO NPs with respect to ZnCl2, while collembolan reproduction test produced similar results for both Zn compounds. Slight genotoxic effects with V. faba micronucleus test were observed with both soils.
Conclusion
Nanostructured ZnO seems to exert a higher toxic effect in insoluble form towards different terrestrial organisms with respect to similar amounts of zinc in ionic form.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aldaya MM, Lors C, Salmon S, Ponge JF (2006) Avoidance bio-assays may help to test the ecological significance of soil pollution. Environ Pollut 140:173–180
Aramba M, Bjeli S, Subakov G (1995) Acute toxicity of heavy-metals (copper, lead, zinc), phenol and sodium on Allium cepa, Lepidium sativum and Daphnia magna—comparative investigations and the practical applications. Water Res 29:497–503
Aruoja V, Dubourguier HC, Kasemets K, Kahru A (2009) Toxicity of nanoparticles of CuO, ZnO and TiO2 to microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Sci Total Environ 407:1461–1468
Auffan M, Rose J, Bottero JY, Lowry GV, Jolivet JP, Wiesner M (2009) Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective. Nat Nanotechnol 4:634–641
Baun A, Hartmann NB, Grieger K, Kusk KO (2008) Ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to aquatic invertebrates: a brief review and recommendations for future toxicity testing. Ecotoxicology 17:387–395
Blaise C (1998) Microbiotesting: an expanding field in aquatic toxicology. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 40:115–119
Brunauer S, Emmett PH, Teller E (1938) Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J Am Chem Soc 60:309–319
Brunner TJ, Wick P, Manser P, Spohn P, Grass RN, Limbach LK, Bruinink A, Stark WJ (2006) In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. Environ Sci Technol 40:4374–4381
Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA (2003) Peptides and hormesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 33:215–304
Carlson C, Hussain SM, Schrand AM, Braydich-Stolle LK, Hess KL, Jones RL, Schlager JJ (2008) Unique cellular interaction of silver nanoparticles: size-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. J Phys Chem B 112:13608–13619
Chial B, Persoone G (2002a) Cyst-based Toxicity Tests XIII—Development of a short chronic sediment toxicity test with the ostracod crustacean Heterocypris incongruens: methodology and precision. Environ Toxicol 17:528–532
Chial B, Persoone G (2002b) Cyst-Based Toxicity Tests XII—Development of a short chronic sediment toxicity test with the ostracod crustacean Heterocypris incongruens: selection of test parameters. Environ Toxicol 17:520–527
Choopun S, Tubtimtae A, Santhaveesuk T, Nilphai S, Wongrat E, Hongsith N (2009) Zinc oxide nanostructures for applications as ethanol sensors and dye sensitized solar cells. Appl Surf Sci 256:998–1002
EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency 712-C-96-154 (1996) Ecological effects test guidelines. OPPTS 850.4200. Seed Germination/Root Elongation Toxicity Test
Franklin NM, Rogers NJ, Apte SC, Batley GE, Gadd GE, Casey PS (2007) Comparative toxicity of nanoparticulate ZnO, bulk ZnO, and ZnCl2 to a fresh water microalga; Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata: the importance of particle solubility. Environ Sci Technol 41:8484–8490
Goodman CM, McCusker CD, Yilmaz T, Rotello VM (2004) Toxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with cationic and anionic side chains. Bioconjug Chem 15:897–900
Heinlaan M, Ivask A, Blinova I, Dubourguier HC, Kahru A (2008) Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere 71:1308–1316
ISO 11267 (1999) Soil quality-inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants
Kahru A, Dubourguier HC, Blinova I, Ivask A, Kasemets K (2008) Biotests and biosensor for ecotoxicology of metal oxide nanoparticles: a minireview. Sensors 8:5153–5170
Kamat PV, Meisel D (2003) Nanoscience opportunities in environmental remediation. CR Chim 6:999–1007
Kanaya N, Gill BS, Grover IS, Murin A, Osiecka R, Sandhu SS, Andersson HC (1994) Vicia faba chromosomal aberration assay. Mutat Res Fund Mol 310:231–247
Lin DH, Xing BS (2007) Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles: Inhibition of seed germination and root growth. Environ Pollut 150:243–250
Liu CH, Lee CT, Tsai FC, Hsu SJ, Yang PM (2006) Gastroduodenal corrosive injury after oral zinc oxide. Ann Emerg Med 47:296
Lock K, Janssen C (2003) Comparative toxicity of a zinc salt, zinc powder and zinc oxide to Eisenia fetida, Enchytraeus albidus and Folsomia candida. Chemosphere 53:851–856
Lock K, Desender K, Janssen CR (2001) Effects of metal contamination on the activity and diversity of carabid beetles in an ancient Pb–Zn mining area at Plombières (Belgium). Entomol Exp Appl 99:355–360
Moos PJ, Chung K, Woessner D, Honeggar M, Shane Cutler N, Veranth JM (2010) ZnO particulate matter requires cell contact for toxicity in human colon cancer cells. Chem Res Toxicol 23:733–739
Navarro E, Baun A, Behra R, Hartmann NB, Filser J, Miao A, Quigg A, Santschi PH, Sigg L (2008) Environmental behaviour and ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to algae, plants, and fungi. Ecotoxicology 17:372–386
Nel AE, Mädler L, Velegol D, Xia T, Hoek E, Somasundaran P, Klaessig F, Castranova V, Thompson M (2009) Understanding the biophysicochemical interactions at the nano–bio interface. Nat Mater 8:543–557
OECD (2000) Guideline for testing chemical, Earthworm Reproduction Test (Eisenia foetida/andrei)
OECD (2003) Guideline for the testing of chemicals, proposal for updating guideline 208, Terrestrial Plant Test, Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test
Paschke MW, Perry LG, Redente EF (2006) Zinc toxicity thresholds for reclamation for species. Water Air Soil Pollut 170:317–330
Posthuma L, van Straalen NM (1993) Heavy-metal adaptation in terrestrial invertebrates: a review of occurrence, genetics, physiology and ecological consequences. Comp Biochem Physiol 106:11–38
Rhee GY, Thomson PA (1992) Sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants and trace metals on phytoplankton and implications for toxicity assessment. J Aquat Ecosyst Health 1:175–191
Roelofs F, Vogelsberger W (2004) Dissolution kinetics of synthetic amorphous silica in biological-like media and its theoretical description. J Phys Chem B 108:11308–11316
Ruffini Castiglione M, Cremonini R (2009) Nanoparticles and higher plants. Caryologia 62:161–165
Sandifer RD, Hopkin SP (1997) Effects of temperature on the relative toxicities of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to Folsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 37:125–130
Scicchitano DA, Pegg AE (1987) Inhibition of O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase by metals. Mutat Res 192:207–210
Smit CE, van Gestel CAM (1998) Effects of soil type, prepercolation, and ageing on bioaccumulation and toxicity of zinc for the springtail Folsomia candida. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:1132–1141
van Straalen NM, Schobben JH, de Goede RG (1989) Population consequences of cadmium toxicity in soil microarthropods. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 17:190–204
Wang ZL (2004) Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties and applications. J Phys Condens Matter 16:829–858
Xia T, Kovochich M, Brant J, Hotze M, Sempf J, Oberley T, Sioutas C, Yeh JI, Wiesner MR, Nel AE (2006) Comparison of the abilities of ambient and manufactured nanoparticles to induce cellular toxicity according to an oxidative stress paradigm. Nano Lett 6:1794–1807
Yang SW, Becker FF, Cn JYH (1996) Inhibition of human DNA ligase I activity by zinc and cadmium and the fidelity of ligation. Environ Mol Mutagen 28:19–25
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to A. Salluzzo for ICP-MS measurements and to A. De Girolamo Del Mauro and V. La Ferrara for their support in SEM analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Vera Slaveykova
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Manzo, S., Rocco, A., Carotenuto, R. et al. Investigation of ZnO nanoparticles’ ecotoxicological effects towards different soil organisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18, 756–763 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0421-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0421-0