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Physiological effects and toxin release in Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis viridis exposed to herbicide fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

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Abstract

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FPE) was studied for possible ecotoxicity on two representative toxigenic cyanobacteria including Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis viridis. Growth curves, chlorophyll a content, protein content, microcystin levels, oxidative stress, and apoptosis rates were measured for the two cyanobacteria after exposure to different concentrations of FPE. Results showed that the changes in chlorophyll a content and protein content were consistent with cell density, and M. viridis was more sensitive than M. aeruginosa to FPE. The results of oxidative stress indicated that FPE induced the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in these two cyanobacteria. To further explore the toxicity of FPE, apoptosis rates and toxin levels were measured for the two cyanobacteria. Different degrees of apoptosis rates were observed in the two cyanobacteria, and the apoptosis rates increased with the increase concentration of FPE. The intracellular and extracellular MC-LR were both affect by FPE. The presence of FPE in aquatic ecosystem may stimulate the synthesis and release of MC-LR, which may cause serious water pollution and pose threats to human health. These results may be useful for the ecotoxicity assessment of FPE and guiding the rational use of pesticides in agriculture.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate Sarah S for the revision of the manuscript by language. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21307082, 20977062).

Authors’ contributions

YD carried out the growth studies and drafted the manuscript. JY conceived of the study, design the study, and helped to draft the manuscript. WL carried out the MC-LR studies. CY participated in the design of the study and participated in the chlorophyll a content studies. LW performed the statistical analysis. XH participated in the protein and MC-LR studies. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China

    Yuping Du, Jing Ye, Liang Wu, Chuyao Yang & Xiaojun Hu

  2. School of Agriculture and Biology and Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Lumei Wang

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  1. Yuping Du
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Correspondence to Jing Ye.

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Responsible editor: Vitor Manuel Oliveira Vasconcelos

Xiaojun Hu provided some financial support to our work.

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Du, Y., Ye, J., Wu, L. et al. Physiological effects and toxin release in Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis viridis exposed to herbicide fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 7752–7763 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8474-y

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