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Nexus of FDI, population, energy production, and water resources in South Asia: a fresh insight from dynamic common correlated effects (DCCE)

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the empirical relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), population, energy production, and water resources in South Asia. The newly developed approach dynamic common correlated effects (DCCE) by Chudik and Pesaran (Journal of Econometrics 188:393–420, 2015a) for measuring co-integration has been applied in the present study. This procedure provides significant robust outcomes in the presence of cross-sectional dependence among the cross-sectional units. The findings confirmed that earlier models, such as mean group (MG), pooled mean group (PMG), and augmented mean group (AMG), which have been used in the literature for long data, provide misleading results in the presence of cross-sectional dependence among the cross-sectional units. A statistically significant and negative result has been observed between FDI, population, energy production, and water resources in South Asia. The governments of South Asian economies must encourage green FDI initiatives for water management, ensuring water security, securing natural resources for enhancing the sustainable development of regional economies.

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Notes

  1. https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html

  2. We employed xtwest command for Westerlund co-integration.

  3. UN World Water Development Report 1; UNESCO/Berghahn Books: New York, 2003.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Finance, School of Economics & Management, Beihang University (BUAA), 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. 100191, China

    Hira Arain & Liyan Han

  2. Department of Management Sciences, The Superior College Lahore Pakistan , Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Saeed Meo

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  1. Hira Arain
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Arain, H., Han, L. & Meo, M.S. Nexus of FDI, population, energy production, and water resources in South Asia: a fresh insight from dynamic common correlated effects (DCCE). Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 27128–27137 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05903-7

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