Abstract
A new approach for easy synthesis of Bacillus pseudomycoides immobilized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/glutaraldehyde (GA) hydrogel for application in a wastewater treatment system is reported. Optimization studies revealed that GA/PVA mass ratio of 0.03 and acidic pH of 2 were required for hydrogel synthesis and eventually for bacterial cell immobilization. The synthesized crosslinked matrix possessed a pore size suitable for microbial cell entrapment while maintaining cell accessibility to external environment for bioremediation. Possible crosslinking and bacterial cell immobilization in the hydrogel were evidenced by FTIR, XRD, and SEM studies, respectively. Further, the extent of crosslinking of GA with PVA was investigated and confirmed by transmittance and permeability experiments. The viability and proliferation of hydrogel embedded cells (after 25 days) was confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy which also indicated that acidic pH of polymer solution did not affect the immobilized live cells. B. pseudomycoides immobilized hydrogel were demonstrated to be effective for treatment of municipal wastewater and reduced biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and protein content below the recommended levels. Overall, the results from this bench-scale work show that employing bacteria-embedded PVA/GA hydrogel for the treatment of municipal wastewater yield promising results which should be further explored in pilot/field-scale studies.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India for providing the laboratory facilities. We would like to thank Mr. Tufail Ahmad, CIRBSc (CIF), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi for FTIR and XRD analyses. The authors would also like to acknowledge Dr. Saras Jyoti, Research Associate, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh for confocal fluorescence microscopy. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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Author S. Aggarwal acknowledges support from an early-career research fellowship from the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (USA). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
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Mehrotra, T., Zaman, M.N., Prasad, B.B. et al. Rapid immobilization of viable Bacillus pseudomycoides in polyvinyl alcohol/glutaraldehyde hydrogel for biological treatment of municipal wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 9167–9180 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07296-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07296-z