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The effects of tourism and globalization over environmental degradation in developed countries

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Abstract

This paper focuses on long-term evidence on economic growth, international tourism, globalization, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in OECD countries for the period of 1994–2014. The empirical analysis reveals that climate change is magnified by energy use, tourism and economic growth. An inverted U-shaped relationship is also found between international tourism and CO2 emissions. The contribution of international tourism to climate change in the early stages of development is thus diminished by globalization in the later stages. In other words, globalization appears to reduce carbon emissions from international tourism. The empirical results provide additional arguments for shaping regulatory frameworks aimed at reversing the current energy mix in OECD countries by facilitating energy efficiency and promoting renewable sources.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Political Economy and Public Finance, Economic and Business Statistics and Economic Policy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain

    Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente

  2. Department of Applied Economics, International Economy Institute, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain

    Oana M. Driha

  3. School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

    Muhammad Shahbaz

  4. COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Shahbaz

  5. Department of General Management and Economics, Goa Institute of Management, Sanquelim, India

    Avik Sinha

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  1. Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente
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  2. Oana M. Driha
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  3. Muhammad Shahbaz
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Correspondence to Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente.

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Highlights

• Evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between international tourism, globalization, income and CO2 emissions.

• Energy use increases carbon emissions.

• Ascending international tourism and globalization improve environmental quality.

• Globalization interacts positively with international tourism on carbon emissions.

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Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Driha, O.M., Shahbaz, M. et al. The effects of tourism and globalization over environmental degradation in developed countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 7130–7144 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07372-4

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