Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The role of shadow economies in ecological footprint quality: empirical evidence from Turkey

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this research study is to investigate the role of shadow economies in the levels of ecological footprint for the case of Turkey. Annual data set ranging from 1961 to 2014 was used with this respect. The results of this study verify the long-term and positively elastic impact of shadow economic activities on the level of ecological footprint in Turkey; that is, 1 % change in shadow economic activities results in a 1.008% change in ecological footprint in the same direction. This study, therefore, reaches a significant conclusion that in Turkey, shadow economies are long-term and essential drivers of environmental pollution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abid M (2015) The close relationship between informal economic growth and carbon emissions in Tunisia since 1980: the (ir) relevance of structural breaks. Sustain Cities Soc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.11.001

  • Al-Mulali U, Saboori B, Ozturk I (2015a) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam. Energy Policy 76:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2014.11.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mulali U, Weng-Wai C, Sheau-Ting L, Mohammed AH (2015b) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecol Indic 48:315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ang JB (2007) CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy 35(10):4772–4778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apergis N, Christou C, Gupta R (2017) Are there environmental Kuznets curves for US state-level CO2 emissions? Renew Sust Energ Rev 69:551–558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asici AA, Acar S (2018) How does environmental regulation affect production location of non-carbon ecological footprint? J Clean Prod 178:927–936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baksi S, Bose P (2010) Environmental regulation in the presence of an informal sector, University of Winnipeg, Department of Economics, Working Paper, 3

  • Balsalobre-Lorente D, Gokmenoglu KK, Taspinar N, Cantos-Cantos JM (2019) An approach to the pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses in MINT countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:23010–23026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05446-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas AK, Farzanegan MR, Thum M (2012) Pollution, shadow economy and corruption: theory and evidence. Ecol Econ 75:114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.01.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cetin M, Ecevit E, Yucel AG (2018a) Structural breaks, urbanization and CO2 emissions : evidence from Turkey. J Appl Econ Bus Res 8(2):122–139 Retrieved from http://www.aebrjournal.org/uploads/6/6/2/2/6622240/joaebrjune2018_122_139.pdf. Accessed 20 Sept 2019

  • Cetin M, Ecevit E, Yucel AG (2018b) The impact of energy consumption, trade openness and financial development on economic growth: empirical evidence from Turkey (1980–2014). Environ Sci Pollut Res 18(4):36589–36603. https://doi.org/10.13187/es.2016.18.459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri S, Mukhopadhyay U (2006) Pollution and informal sector: a theoretical analysis. J Econ Integr 21(2):363–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole MA, Elliott RJ, Strobl E (2008) The environmental performance of firms: the role of foreign ownership, training, and experience. Ecol Econ 65(3):538–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox A, Collins A, Woods L, Ferguson N (2012) A household level environmental Kuznets curve? Some recent evidence on transport emissions and income. Econ Lett 115(2):187–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danish ZB, Wang B, Wang Z (2017) Role of renewable energy and nonrenewable energy consumption on EKC: evidence from Pakistan. J Clean Prod 156:855–864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Destek MA, Ulucak R, Dogan E (2018) Analyzing the environmental Kuznets curve for the EU countries: the role of ecological footprint. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(29):29387–29396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2911-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dogan E, Turkekul B (2016) CO2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: testing the EKC hypothesis for the USA. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(2):1203–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5323-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong K, Sun R, Hochman G, Zeng X, Li H, Jiang H (2017) Impact of natural gas consumption on CO2 emissions: panel data evidence from China’s provinces. J Clean Prod 162:400–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du L, Wei C, Cai S (2012) Economic development and carbon dioxide emissions in China: provincial panel data analysis. China Econ Rev 23(2):371–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2012.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Global Footprint Network (2018a) Data and Method Retrieved January 11, 2020, from Footprintnetwork.org website: https://www.footprintnetwork.org/resources/data/

  • Global Footprint Network (2018b) National Footprint Accounts 2018th edition: Oakland, CA, USA

  • Global Footprint Network (2019) https://www.footprintnetwork.org/ Ecological footprint. Oakland, USA, Accessed 22 May 2019

  • Gokmenoglu K, Taspinar N (2016) The relationship between Co2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: the case of Turkey. J Int Trade Econ Dev 25(5):706–723. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman GM, Krueger AB (1991) Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914. National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w3914(3914). Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w3914. Accessed 16 June 2019

  • Halicioglu F (2009) An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy 37(3):1156–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamit-Haggar M (2012) Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: a panel cointegration analysis from Canadian industrial sector perspective. Energy Econ 34(1):358–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENECO.2011.06.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He FS, Goh G, Gan G, Al-Mulali U, Adebola SS (2019) The influences of economic indicators on environmental pollution in Malaysia. Int J Energy Econ Policy 9(2):123–131. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heidari H, Katircioglu ST, Saeidpour L (2015) Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and energy consumption in the five ASEAN countries. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 64:785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJEPES.2014.07.081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imamoglu H (2016) Re-estimation of the size of underground economy in European countries: MIMIC approach. Int J Econ Perspect 10(1):171–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Imamoglu H, Katircioglu ST, Payaslioglu C (2018) Financial services spillover effects on informal economic activity: evidence from a panel of 20 European countries. Serv Ind J 38(11–12):669–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IMF Database (2019) https://data.imf.org Accessed 25 May 2019

  • Jiang JJ, Ye B, Zhou N, Zhang XL (2019a) Decoupling analysis and environmental Kuznets curve modelling of provincial-level CO2 emissions and economic growth in China: a case study. J Clean Prod 212:1242–1255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang L, He S, Zhong Z, Zhou H, He L (2019b) Revisiting environmental kuznets curve for carbon dioxide emissions: the role of trade. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 50:245–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn ME (1998) A household level environmental Kuznets curve. Econ Lett 59(2):269–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalayci S, Koksal C (2015) The relationship between China’s airway freight in terms of carbon-dioxide emission and export volume. Int J Econ Perspect 9(4):60–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu ST (2010) International tourism, higher education and economic growth: the case of North Cyprus. World Econ 33(12):1955–1972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu ST (2014a) Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: the case of Singapore. Econ Model 41:383–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu ST (2014b) International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: the case of Turkey. Renew Sust Energ Rev 36:180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu S (2017) Investigating the role of oil prices in the conventional EKC model: evidence from Turkey. Asian Econ Financ Rev 7(5):498–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu ST, Katircioglu S (2018a) Testing the role of fiscal policy in the environmental degradation: the case of Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(6):5616–5630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0906-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu S, Katircioglu ST (2018b) Testing the role of urban development in the conventional environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from Turkey. Appl Econ Lett 25(11):741–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1361004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu ST, Taspinar N (2017) Testing the moderating role of financial development in an environmental Kuznets curve: empirical evidence from Turkey. Renew Sust Energ Rev 68(September 2016):572–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu ST, Fethi S, Kalmaz DB, Çağlar D, Taşpinar N (2014) Energy consumption, international trade, and real income in the USA: an empirical investigation using conditional error correction models. J Renewable Sustainable Energy 6(6):063116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu S, Gokmenoglu KK, Eren BM (2018) Testing the role of tourism development in ecological footprint quality: evidence from top 10 tourist destinations. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(33):33611–33619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kharbach M, Chfadi T (2017) CO2 emissions in Moroccan road transport sector: Divisia, Cointegration, and EKC analyses. Sustain Cities Soc 35:396–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kopnina H (2014) Christmas tale of (un) sustainability: reflecting on consumption and environmental awareness on the streets of Amsterdam. Sustain Cities Soc 10:65–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau LS, Choong CK, Ng CF, Liew FM, Ching SL (2019) Is nuclear energy clean? Revisit of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in OECD countries. Econ Model 77:12–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon JG (1996) Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics 11(6):601–618

  • Mikayilov JI, Mukhtarov S, Mammadov J, Azizov M (2019) Re-evaluating the environmental impacts of tourism: does EKC exist? Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:19389–19402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05269-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk I, Acaravci A (2013) The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Econ 36:262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pao H-T, Tsai C-M (2010) CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in BRIC countries. Energy Policy 38(12):7850–7860. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2010.08.045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pata UK (2018) Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. J Clean Prod 187:770–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.03.236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saboori B, Sulaiman J, Mohd S (2012) Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: a cointegration analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve. Energy Policy 51:184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Lean HH, Shabbir MS (2012) Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Pakistan: cointegration and Granger causality. Renew Sust Energ Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.015

  • Shahbaz M, Tiwari A, Nasir M (2013a) The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa. Energy Policy 61:1452–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2013.07.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Mutascu M, Azim P (2013b) Environmental Kuznets curve in Romania and the role of energy consumption. Renew Sust Energ Rev 18:165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2012.10.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Khraief N, Uddin GS, Ozturk I (2014) Environmental Kuznets curve in an open economy: a bounds testing and causality analysis for Tunisia. Renew Sust Energ Rev 34:325–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2014.03.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Dube S, Ozturk I, Jalil A (2015) International journal of energy economics and policy testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Portugal. Int J Energy Econ Policy 5(2):475–481 Retrieved from http:www.econjournals.com. Accessed 18 Oct 2019

  • Tamazian A, Chousa JP, Vadlamannati KC (2009) Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy 37(1):246–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari AK, Shahbaz M, Adnan Hye QM (2013) The environmental Kuznets curve and the role of coal consumption in India: cointegration and causality analysis in an open economy. Renew Sust Energ Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.031

  • Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (2017) www.csb.gov.tr/turkiye-sera-gazi-salinimlarini-87-milyon-ton azaltti-bakanlik-faaliyetleri-21986 Accessed 8 Sept 2019

  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2019) www.tuik.gov.tr Accessed 18 April 2019

  • Uddin GA, Alam K, Gow J (2019) Ecological and economic growth interdependency in the asian economies: an empirical analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(13):13159–13172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04791-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulucak R, Bilgili F (2018) A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. J Clean Prod 188:144–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Ye X (2017) Re-examining environmental Kuznets curve for China’s city-level carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Spatial Statistics 21:377–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2019) World development indicators. dataworldbankorg Accessed 25 May 2019

  • World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) (2012) Türkiye’nin Ekolojik Ayak Izi Raporu.WWF-Türkiye, Istanbul, Türkiye

  • Xu SC, Li YW, Miao YM, Gao C, He ZX, Shen WX, Long RY, Chen H, Zhao B, Wang SX (2019) Regional differences in nonlinear impacts of economic growth, export and FDI on air pollutants in China based on provincial panel data. J Clean Prod 228:455–466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yavuz NC (2014) CO2 emission, energy consumption, and economic growth for Turkey: evidence from a cointegration test with a structural break. Energ Source Part B 9(3):229–235

  • Zhou C, Wang S (2018) Examining the determinants and the spatial nexus of city-level CO2 emissions in China: a dynamic spatial panel analysis of China’s cities. J Clean Prod 171:917–926

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This article is based on the first author’s MA thesis submitted at the Department of International Trade, Bogazici University, Turkey.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Trade, Faculty of Business, Istanbul Commerce University, Örnektepe Mah. İmrahor Cad. No: 88/2 Z-42, Beyoğlu, P.O. Box 34445, İstanbul, Turkey

    Cihat Köksal

  2. International Trade, School of Applied Disciplines, Bogazici University, Hisar Kampusu, Bebek, P.O. Box 34342, Istanbul, Turkey

    Mehtap Işik

  3. Department of Banking and Finance, Eastern Mediterranean University, Via Mersin 10, P.O. Box 99628, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey

    Salih Katircioğlu

Authors
  1. Cihat Köksal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mehtap Işik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Salih Katircioğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salih Katircioğlu.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Eyup Dogan

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Köksal, C., Işik, M. & Katircioğlu, S. The role of shadow economies in ecological footprint quality: empirical evidence from Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 13457–13466 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07956-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07956-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation