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Ecotoxicological risk assessment for sediments of Çavuşlu stream in Giresun, Turkey: association between garbage disposal facility and metallic accumulation

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Abstract

The objective of this paper was to stress the possible potential toxic element (PTE) accumulation in the surface sediments of the Çavuşlu Stream (ÇS), as well as examining the source identification of whether or not any association between garbage disposal facility (GDF) and ecotoxicity or human health risk in Giresun, Turkey. The sediment specimens were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) followed by microwave digestion. The descending order of metals (mg/kg) in sediments were as follows: Fe (38,791 ± 3269) > Al (27,753 ± 4051) > Mn (730.90 ± 114.60) > Cr (233.39 ± 53.32) > V (176.40 ± 19.66) > Cu (85.22 ± 6.06) > Ni (72.87 ± 11.50) > Zn (46.45 ± 3.68) > Co (21.96 ± 3.33) > Pb (12.17 ± 1.97) > As (3.12 ± 1.45) > Sb (0.22 ± 0.06) > Cd (0.17 ± 0.02) > Hg (0.04 ± 0.01). Among these elements, certain metals (V, Cr, Cu, and Ni) in the sediments were above the average shale. Cr and Ni levels were above their corresponding threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL) values while Cu concentration exceeding its TEL, indicating that benthic organisms in the sediment of ÇS have likely toxic responses. Based on the results from contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and geo-accumulation factor (Igeo) values of PTEs, the sediment was frequently classified into moderate contamination, moderate enrichment, and unpolluted to moderately polluted group. Pollution load index (PLI), integrated pollution index (IPI), and ecological risk index (Eri) indicated low pollution or low potential ecological risk. Toxicity risk index (TRI) and toxic unit analysis (TUs) suggested moderate toxicity. The outcomes of hazard quotient (HQ), total hazard index (THI), and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) stressed out that PTEs would not pose a significant health risk when adults are exposed to sediments in ÇS. However, a non-cancerogenic health risk for children was considered as the collective effect of 14 PTE (THI = 1.47 > 1). Multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)) outlined that the metallic accumulation in the sediments of ÇS was related to lithological, geological, and anthropogenic impacts. Therefore, the GDF is likely a major reason in terms of anthropogenic pollution in the sediments of the ÇS.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude and integrity to the Faculty of Arts and Science, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey, the authority, and staff members during the sample analysis for the provision of laboratory facilities and cooperation. The authors also thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali Dereli for the map drawing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Property Protection and Security, Giresun University, Espiye, 28600, Giresun, Turkey

    Bayram Yüksel

  2. Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Giresun University, 28200, Giresun, Turkey

    Fikret Ustaoğlu

  3. Department of Laboratory Technology, Evrenos Gazi Campus, Trakya University, İpsala, Edirne, Turkey

    Cem Tokatli

  4. Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh

    Md Saiful Islam

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  1. Bayram Yüksel
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  2. Fikret Ustaoğlu
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  3. Cem Tokatli
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  4. Md Saiful Islam
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Contributions

Bayram YÜKSEL and Fikret USTAOĞLU established the idea of the paper and participated in its project and organization. Fikret USTAOĞLU assisted to prepare the manuscript. Fikret USTAOĞLU and Bayram YÜKSEL contributed to the acquisition and explanation of data. Cem TOKATLI and Md. Saiful Islam provided critical review and significantly revised the manuscript text. All authors read and agreed the ultimate manuscript.

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Correspondence to Md Saiful Islam.

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Yüksel, B., Ustaoğlu, F., Tokatli, C. et al. Ecotoxicological risk assessment for sediments of Çavuşlu stream in Giresun, Turkey: association between garbage disposal facility and metallic accumulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 17223–17240 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17023-2

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