Abstract
This study is the first report that focuses on investigating the effects of torrefaction on the bioenergy-related properties, combustion behavior, and potential emissions of banana leaf waste (BLW). Experiments were first conducted in a bench-scale fixed-bed reactor operating at light (220 °C), mild (250 °C), and severe (280 °C) torrefaction conditions to torrefy the raw BLW. Torrefaction pretreatments reduced the weight of the raw BLW by about 60%, but the resulting solid biofuel can preserve up to 77% of the energy content of the raw biomass. It was found that torrefied BLW contains more concentrated fixed carbon than the raw BLW, volatile matter content of up to 59.8 wt.%, and a higher HHV of up to 20.7 MJ kg−1 with higher concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and ash. Bulk density increased 13.0% over the raw BLW, and the torrefied BLW became a solid biofuel with 51.5% greater energy density under the severe torrefaction condition. The upgrading of BLW by torrefaction enhanced its combustion performance in terms of comprehensive combustion, ignition, burnout, and flammability indices. Compared with commercial hard coal, BLW torrefied at the mild condition (250 °C) had lower potential emissions per unit of energy, 25.3% less CO2 emission, 3.1% less CO emission, 96.4% less SO2 emission, and 18.4% less dust emission, except for NOX emission. This study conclusively indicates that BLW after torrefaction has enhanced bioenergy-related properties, improved combustion performance, and reduced emissions potential, proving to be a promising method for its valorization.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Bioware Technology Company, Campinas, SP, for its technical support to this research.
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The authors would like to thank the FAP/UNIVILLE (funds from the VALORIZAR Research Project) for the research support (student grants, equipment, supplies, reimbursement for attending symposia, and other expenses). JLFA gratefully acknowledges the postdoctoral fellowship from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/Brazil Process 152245/2020-0). JCGS gratefully acknowledges the grants from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES/Brazil Finance Code 001).
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JLFA contributed to the conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, visualization, and data curation and was a major contributor to writing the original draft and reviewing and editing the manuscript. JCGS contributed to the visualization, data presentation, and writing of the original draft. FBP and CS contributed to the experimental investigation and data curation. NS, OS, and CM contributed to the conceptualization and supervision and with material resources, acquiring funding, and project administration. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Alves, J.L.F., da Silva, J.C.G., Sellin, N. et al. Upgrading of banana leaf waste to produce solid biofuel by torrefaction: physicochemical properties, combustion behaviors, and potential emissions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 25733–25747 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17381-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17381-x