Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The role of natural resources, renewable energy, and globalization in testing EKC Theory in BRICS countries: Method of Moments Quantile

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper aims to validate the EKC hypothesis for BRICS countries, in the presence of natural resources, renewable energy, and globalization factors. FMOLS, DOLS, Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR), and heterogeneous panel causality tests have been applied on the BRICS panel from 1990 to 2014. According to FMOLS and DOLS techniques, the EKC hypothesis does exist in BRICS countries in the presence of alternative energy resources and globalization, whereas quantile level analysis does not support globalization as a significant factor for environmental degradation. Quantile regression validates the EKC hypothesis with a direct association of natural resources and inverse association of renewable energy with environmental degradation. Heterogeneous panel causality also confirms the bidirectional Granger causality between all the variables and CO2, except globalization, which means that panel causality is endorsing the results of MMQR. Thus, it is recommended to encourage the usage of renewable energy resources in BRICS countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data

The data of this manuscript were collected from different websites, i.e., World Gold Council, S & P, Federal Reserve Economic Data, and investing.com.

References

  • Abbasi F, Riaz K (2016) CO2 emissions and financial development in an emerging economy: an augmented VAR approach. Energy Policy 90:102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.12.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abulfotuh F (2007) Energy efficiency and renewable technologies: the way to sustainable energy future. Desalination 209:275–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams S, Adom K, Klobodu EKM (2016) Urbanization, regime type and durability, and environmental degradation in Ghana. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(23):23825–23839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7513-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed K, Mahalik MK, Shahbaz M (2016) Dynamics between economic growth, labor, capital and natural resource abundance in Iran: an application of the combined cointegration approach. Res Policy 49:213–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed K, Rehman MU, Ozturk I (2017) What drives carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run? Evidence from selected South Asian Countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 70:1142–1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajmi AN, Hammoudeh S, Nguyen DK, Sato JR (2015) On the relationships between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and income: the importance of time variation. Energy Econ. 49:629–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alstine J, Neumayer E (2010) The environmental Kuznets curve. In: Gallagher KP (ed) Handbook on Trade and the Environment. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, pp 49–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Álvarez-Herránz A, Balsalobre D, Cantos JM, Shahbaz M (2017) Energy innovations GHG emissions nexus: fresh empirical evidence from OECD countries. Energy Policy 101:90–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amuakwa-Mensah F, Adom PK (2017) Quality of institution and the FEG (forest, energy intensity, and globalization)-environment relationships in sub-Saharan Africa. Enviro Sci Pollut Res 24(21):17455–17473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ang JB (2007) CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy 35(10):4772–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anser MK, Usman M, Godil DI, Shabbir MS, Sharif A, Tabash MI, Lopez LB (2021) Does globalization affect the green economy and environment? The relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14243-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apergis N, Payne JE, Menyah K, Wolde-Rufael Y (2010) On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics 69(11):2255–2260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arize AC, Osang T, Slottje DJ (2000) Exchange-rate volatility and foreign trade: evidence from thirteen LDC’s. J Bus Econ Stat 18(1):10–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Aung TS, Saboori B, Rasoulinezhad E (2017) Economic growth and environmental pollution in Myanmar: an analysis of environmental Kuznets curve. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(25):20487–20501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo VG, Sartori S, Campos LMS (2018) CO2 emissions: a quantitative analysis among the BRICS nations. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 81:107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azlina AA, Law SH, Mustapha NHN (2014) Dynamic linkages among transport energy consumption, income and CO 2 emission in Malaysia. Energy Policy 73:598–606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balcilar M, Ozdemir ZA, Ozdemir H, Shahbaz M (2018) The renewable energy consumption and growth in the G-7 countries: evidence from historical decomposition method. Renewable Energy 126:594–604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balsalobre-Lorente D, Shahbaz M (2016) Energy consumption and trade openness in the correction of GHG levels in Spain. Bull Energy Econ 4(4):310–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Balsalobre-Lorente D, Shahbaz M, Roubaud D, Farhani S (2018) How economic growth, renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions? Energy Policy 113:356–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bekun FV, Alola AA, Sarkodie SA (2019) Toward a sustainable environment: Nexus between CO2 emissions, resource rent, renewable and nonrenewable energy in 16-EU countries. Sci Total Environ 657:1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bildirici ME (2017) The causal link among militarization, economic growth, CO 2 emission, and energy consumption. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 24(5):4625–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassiolato JE, Soares MCC (2013) BRICS national systems of innovation. The role of the state. Routledge, London, New York, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerasa A (2008) CIPS test for unit root in panel data: further Monte Carlo results. Econ Bull 3(16):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen W, Wu Z, He J, Gao P, Xu S (2007) Carbon emission control strategies for China: A comparative study with partial and general equilibrium versions of the China MARKAL model. Energy 32(1):59–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Destek MA, Sarkodie SA (2019) Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: the role of energy and financial development. Sci Total Environ 650:2483–2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong K, Sun R, Hochman G (2017) Do natural gas and renewable energy consumption lead to less CO2 emission? Empirical evidence from a panel of BRICS countries. Energy 141:1466–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong C, Dong X, Jiang Q, Dong K, Liu G (2018) What is the probability of achieving the carbon dioxide emission targets of the Paris agreement? Evidence from the top ten emitters. Sci Total Environ. 622:1294–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doytch N, Uctum M (2016) Globalization and the environmental impact of sectoral FDI. Econ Syst 40:582–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.02.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreher A, Gaston N, Martens WJM (2008) Measuring globalisation: gauging its consequences. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Edoja PE, Aye GC, Abu O (2016) Dynamic relation among CO2 emission, agricultural productivity and food security in Nigeria. Cogent Econ Finance 4:1204809. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2016.1204809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EIA, 2012. International Energy Outlook U.S. Energy Information Administration. www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/pdf/0484(2011).pdf

  • Ellabban O, Abu-Rub H, Blaabjerg F (2014) Renewable energy resources: current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 39:748–764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esfahani HS, Mohaddes K, Pesaran H (2009) Oil exports and the Iranian economy. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0944.

  • Esso LJ, Keho Y (2016) Energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions: cointegration and causality evidence from selected African countries. Energy. 114:492–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farhani S, Shahbaz M (2014) What role of renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate CO2 emissions in MENA region? Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 40:80–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng C, Wang M, Liu GC, Huang JB (2017) Green development performance and its influencing factors: a global perspective. J Clean Prod. 144:323–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carbon Footprint, 2018. Climate change. Retrieved from. https://www.carbonfootprint.com/warming.html.

  • Gill AR, Viswanathan KK, Hassan S (2017) The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and the environmental problem of the day. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 81:1636–1642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godil DI, Yu Z, Sharif A, Usman R, Khan SAR (2021) Investigate the role of technology innovation and renewable energy in reducing transport sector CO 2 emission in China: a path toward sustainable development. Sustainable Development 29(4):694–707. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman GM, Krueger AB (1991) Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National bureau of economic research working paper 3914, NBER, Cambridge, MA

  • Grossman G, Krueger A (1995) Economic growth and the environment. Quart J Econ 110:353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hailu D, Kipgen C (2017) The Extractives Dependence Index (EDI). Res Policy 51:251–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haseeb A, Xia E, Baloch MA, Abbas K (2018) Financial development, globalization, and CO2 emission in the presence of EKC: evidence from BRICS countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(31):31283–31296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He F, Chang K-C, Li M, Li X, Li F (2020) Bootstrap ARDL test on the relationship among trade, FDI, and CO2 emissions: based on the experience of BRICS countries. Sustainability 12(3):1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herb M (2005) No representation without taxation? Rents, development and democracy. Comp Polit 37:297–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IEA (International Energy Agency) (2017) Renewable energy: medium-term market report. OECD/IEA, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Global energy & CO2 status report. 2018. Available online: https://webstore.iea.org/global-energy-CO2-status-report-2018

  • Ike GN, Usman O, Sarkodie SA (2020) Testing the role of oil production in the environmental Kuznets curve of oil producing countries: New insights from Method of Moments Quantile Regression. Sci Total Environ 711:135208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kais S, Ben Mbarek M (2017) Dynamic relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in three North African countries. Int J Sustain Energy 36:840–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2015.1102910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalayci A, Cemalettin A, Hayaloglu A, Pinar A (2019) The impact of economic globalization on CO2 emissions: the case of NAFTA countries. Int J Energy Econ Policy. 9:356–360. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kao C, Chiang MH (2001) On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated regression in panel data. In: Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels. Emerald Group Publishing Limited

  • Khan MK, Abbas F, Godil DI, Sharif A, Ahmed Z, Anser MK (2021) Moving towards sustainability: how do natural resources, financial development, and economic growth interact with the ecological footprint in Malaysia? A dynamic ARDL approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1:1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14686-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koenker R (2004) Quantile regression for longitudinal data. J Multivariate Anal 91(1):74–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krewitt W, Simon S, Graus W, Teske S, Zervos A, Shaefer O (2007) The 2-degrees C scenario-a sustainable world energy perspective. Energy Policy 35:4969–4980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwabena Twerefou D, Danso-Mensah K, Bokpin GA (2017) The environmental effects of economic growth and globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa: a panel general method of moments approach. Res Int Bus Financ 42:939–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwakwa PA, Alhassan H, Adu G (2020) Effect of natural resources extraction on energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in Ghana. Int J Energy Sector Manag 14(1):20–39. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-09-2018-0003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lv Z, Xu T (2018) Is economic globalization good or bad for the environmental quality? New evidence from dynamic heterogeneous pan-el models. Technol Forecast Soc Change 137(340):343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.08.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machado JA, Silva JS (2019) Quantiles via moments. Journal of Econometrics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.04.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marques AC, Fuinhas JA (2012) Is renewable energy effective in promoting growth? Energy Policy 46:434–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meadows D, Meadows D, Randers J (2004) The limits to growth: the 30-year update. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehlum H, Moene K, Torvik R (2006) Institutions and the resource curse. Econ. J. 116:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menyah K, Wolde-Rufael Y (2010) Energy consumption, pollutant emissions and economic growth in South Africa. Energy Econ 32(6):1374–1382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirza FM, Kanwal A (2017) Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Pakistan: dynamic causality analysis. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 72:1233–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayan PK, Saboori B, Soleymani A (2016) Economic growth and carbon emissions. Econ Modell. 53:388–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumayer E (2004) Does the ‘resource curse’ hold for growth in genuine income as well? World Dev. 32:1627–1640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozokcu S, Ozdemir O (2017) Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 72:639–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk I, Majeed MT, Khan S (2021) Decoupling and decomposition analysis of environmental impact from economic growth: a comparative analysis of Pakistan, India, and China. Environ Ecol Stat. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-021-00495-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pao HT, Tsai CM (2010) CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in BRIC countries. Energy Policy. 38:7850–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pao HT, Yu HC, Yang YH (2011) Modeling the CO2 emissions, energy use, and economic growth in Russia. Energy. 36(8):5094–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papyrakis E, Gerlagh R (2004) The resource curse hypothesis and its transmission channels. J. Comp. Econ. 32(1):181–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedroni P (2004) Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric theory 20(3):597–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran MH (2007) A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. J Appl Econometr 22:265–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips PC, Hansen BE (1990) Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I (1) processes. Rev Econ Stud 57(1):99–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phimphanthavong H (2013) The impacts of economic growth on environmental conditions in Laos. Int J Bus Manag Econ Res 4:766–774

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman ZU, Cai H, Khattak SI, Hasan MM (2019) Energy production-income-carbon emissions nexus in the perspective of N.A.F.T.A and B.R.I.C nations: A dynamic panel data approach. Econ Res-Ekono Istraživanja 32(1):3384–3397. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1660201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JA, Torvik R, Verdier T (2006) Political foundations of the resource curse. J Dev Econ 79(2):447–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross ML (1999) The political economy of the resource curse. World Polit. 51(02):297–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saboori B, Sulaiman J (2013) Environmental degradation, economic growth and energy consumption: evidence of the environmental Kuznets curve in Malaysia. Energy Policy 2013(60):892–905

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs JD, Warner AM (1997) Fundamental sources of long-run growth. Am Econ Rev 87(2):184–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadorsky P (2009) Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and oil prices in the G7 countries. Energy Econ. 31:456–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salahuddin M, Ali MI, Vink N, Gow J (2018) The effects of urbanization and globalization on CO2 emissions: evidence from the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:2699–2709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3790-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sebri M, Ben-Salha O (2014) On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: fresh evidence from BRICS countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 39:14–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahabadi A, Feyziand S (2016) The relationship between natural resources abundance, foreign direct investment and environmental performance in selected oil and developed countries during 1996–2013. Resist. Econ. 4:101–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Ozturk I, Afza T, Ali A (2013) Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in a global economy. Renew Sust Energ Rev 25:494–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Mallick H, Mahalik MK, Loganathan N (2015) Does globalization impede environmental quality in India? Ecol Indic 52:379–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Khan S, Ali A, Bhattacharya M (2017a) The impact of globalization on CO2 emissions in China. Singap Econ Rev 62(04):929–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Shahzad SJH, Kumar M (2017b) Is globalization detrimental CO2 emissions in Japan? New threshold analysis. Environ Model Assess 23:557–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Shahzad SJH, Mahalik MK, Hammoudeh S (2017c) Does globalisation worsen environmental quality in developed economies? Environ Model Assess 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-017-9574-2

  • Sharif A, Raza SA (2016) Dynamic relationship between urbanization, energy consumption and environmental degradation in Pakistan: Evidence from structure break testing. J Manag Sci 3(1):1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharif A, Raza SA, Ozturk I, Afshan S (2018) The dynamic relationship of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption with carbon emission: a global study with the application of heterogeneous panel estimations. Renewable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharif A, Godil DI, Xu B, Sinha A, Rehman Khan SA, Jermsittiparsert K (2020) Revisiting the role of tourism and globalization in environmental degradation in China: fresh insights from the quantile ARDL approach. J Clean Prod 272:122906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soytas U, Sari R, Ewing BT (2007) Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics 62(3):482–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stijns J (2005) Natural resource abundance and economic growth revisited. Resour. Policy 30:107–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamazian A, Chousa JP, Vadlamannati KC (2009) Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy. 37(1):246–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang CF, Tan BW (2015) The impact of energy consumption, income and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Energy. 79:447–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank Annual Report. 2018. Available online: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/630671538158537244/The-World-Bank-Annual-Report-2018

  • Tutulmaz O (2015) Environmental Kuznets curve time series application for Turkey: why controversial results exist for similar models? Renew Sustain Energy Rev 50:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah W, Mohammad N, Zaman R (2018) Understanding climate change vulnerability, adaptation and risk perceptions at household level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pak Int J Clim Change Strat Article inform. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-02-2017-0038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang K, Zhu B, Wang P, Wei YM (2016) Examining the links among economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emission with linear and nonlinear causality tests. Nat Hazards. 81(2):1147–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westerlund J, Edgerton DL (2007) A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics letters 97(3):185–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z, Baloch MA, Danish Danish, Meng F, Zhang J, Mahmood Z (2018) Nexus between financial development and CO emissions in Saudi Arabia: analyzing the role of globalization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:28378–28390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2876-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • You W, Lv Z (2018) Spillover effects of economic globalization on CO2 emissions: a spatial panel approach. Energy Econ 73:248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.05.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zakarya GY, Mostefa B, Abbes SM, Seghir GM (2015) Factors affecting CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries: a panel data analysis. Procedia Econ Finance 26:114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00890-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman K, Shahbaz M, Loganathan N, Raza SA (2016) Tourism development, energy consumption and Environmental Kuznets Curve: trivariate analysis in the panel of developed and developing countries. Tourism Manag. 54:275–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XP, Cheng XM (2009) Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Ecol Econ 68(10):2706–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan

    Salman Sarwat

  2. Dar-ul-Madinah International University, Karachi, Pakistan

    Danish Iqbal Godil

  3. Department of Management Studies, Bahria Business School, Bahria University, Karachi, Pakistan

    Liaqat Ali

  4. DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Pakistan

    Bashir Ahmad

  5. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Universitatea Transilvania Brasov, Brasov, Romania

    Gheorghita Dinca

  6. School of Management, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China

    Syed Abdul Rehman Khan

  7. School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Syed Abdul Rehman Khan

Authors
  1. Salman Sarwat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Danish Iqbal Godil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Liaqat Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bashir Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Gheorghita Dinca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Syed Abdul Rehman Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Salman Sarwat: Writing—original draft

Danish Iqbal Godil: Writing—original draft

Liaqat Ali: Supervision

Bashir Ahmad: Supervision

Gheorghita Dinca: Formal analysis/supervision

Syed Abdul Rehman Khan: Supervision

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salman Sarwat.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Roula Inglesi-Lotz

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sarwat, S., Godil, D., Ali, L. et al. The role of natural resources, renewable energy, and globalization in testing EKC Theory in BRICS countries: Method of Moments Quantile. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 23677–23689 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17557-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17557-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation