Abstract
Research into the nature, antecedents and effects of university-level entrepreneurship has grown due to the emergence of the university technology transfer phenomenon and the evolution of university's role in national innovation systems and economic development. From the literature survey, three research categories for university-level entrepreneurship are identified and examined namely entrepreneurial university, academic entrepreneurship and university technology transfer. Then, a framework depicting the relationship of the three research categories is developed and discussed. Lastly, recommendations are made for future research and analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrawal, A., & Henderson, R. (2002). Putting patents in context: Exploring knowledge transfer from MIT. Management Science, 48(1), 44–60.
Argyres, N. S., & Liebeskind, J. P. (1998). Privatizing the intellectual commons: Universities and the commercialization of biotechnology. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 35(4), 427–454.
Audretsch, D. B., & Stephen Lehmann, E. E. (2005). Do university policies make a difference? Research Policy, 34(3), 343–347.
Bains, W. (2005). How academics can make (extra) money out of their science. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 11(4), 353–363.
Bell, E. R. J. (1993). Some current issue in technology transfer and academic–industrial relations: A review. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 5(3), 307–321.
Bray, M. J., & Lee, J. N. (2000). University revenues from technology transfer: Licensing fees vs. equity positions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 385–392.
Brennan, M. C., & McGowan, P. (2006). Academic entrepreneurship: An exploratory case study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 12(3), 144–164.
Brennan, M. C., Wall, A. P., & McGowan, P. (2005). Academic entrepreneurship. Assessing preferences in nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(3), 307–322.
Brouwer, M. (2005). Entrepreneurship and university licensing. Journal of Technology Transfer, 30(3), 263–270.
Chrisman, J. J., Hynes, T., & Fraser, S. (1995). Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: The case of the University of Calgary. Journal Business Venturing, 10(4), 267–281.
Clark, B. R. (1998). Creating entrepreneurial universities: Organizational pathways of transformation. New York: Pergamon.
Cohen, W. M., Nelson, R. R., & Walsh, J. P. (2002). Links and impacts: The influence of public research on industrial R&D. Management Science, 48(1), 1–23.
Collin, S., & Wakoh, H. (2000). Universities and technology transfer in Japan: Recent reforms in historical perspective. Journal of Technology Transfer, 25(2), 213–222.
Conceicao, P., Heitor, M. V., & Oliveira, P. (1998). University-based technology licensing in the knowledge based economy. Technovation, 18(10), 615–625.
Coupe, T. (2003). Science is golden: Academic R&D and university patents. Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 31–46.
Debackere, K., & Veuglers, R. (2005). The role of academic technology transfer organization in improving industry science links. Research Policy, 34(3), 321–352.
Etzkowitz, H. (1983). Entrepreneurial scientists and entrepreneurial universities in American academic science. Minerva, 31(3), 198–233.
Etzkowitz, H. (1998). The norms of entrepreneurial science: Cognitive effects of the new university–industry linkages. Research Policy, 27(8), 823–833.
Etzkowitz, H. (2002). MIT and the rise of entrepreneurial science. London: Routledge.
Etzkowitz, H. (2003). Research groups as ‘quasi-firms’: The invention of the entrepreneurial university. Research Policy, 32, 109–121.
Etzkowitz, H. (2004). The evolution of the entrepreneurial university. International Journal of Technology and Globalization, 1, 64–77.
Etzkowitz, H., & Klofsten, M. (2005). The innovating region: Toward a theory of knowledge-based regional development. R & D Management, 35(3), 243–255.
Etzkowitz, H., Webster, A., Gebhardt, C., & Terra, B. R. C. (2000). The future of the university and the university of the future: Evolution of the ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy, 29, 313–330.
Feldman, M., & Desrochers, P. (2003). Research universities and local economic development: Lessons from the history of Johns Hopkins University. Industry and Innovation, 10(1), 5–24.
Feldman, M., Feller, I., Bercovitz, J., & Burton, R. (2002). Equity and the technology transfer strategies of American research universities. Management Science, 48(1), 105–121.
Friedman, J., & Silberman, J. (2003). University technology transfer: Do incentives, management, and location matter? Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 17–30.
Gibb, A., & Hannon, P. (2006). Towards the entrepreneurial university? International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education (online journal), 4.
Grandi, A., & Grimaldi, R. (2005). Academics organizational characteristics and the generation of successful business ideas. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(6), 821–845.
Gulbrandsen, M., & Smeby, J. C. (2005). Industry funding and university professors research performance. Research Policy, 34(6), 932–950.
Hall, B. H., Link, A. N., & Scott, J. T. (2001). Barriers inhibiting industry from partnering with universities: Evidence from the Advanced Technology Program. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1–2), 87.
Hall, B. H., Link, A. N., & Scott, J. T. (2003). Universities as research partners. Review of Economics & Statistics, 85(2), 485–491.
Harmon, B., Ardishvili, A., Cardozo, R., Elder, T., Leuthold, J., & Parshall, J. (1997). Mapping the university technology transfer process. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(6), 423–434.
Henrekson, M., & Rosenberg, N. (2001). Designing efficient institutions for science-based entrepreneurship: Lessons from the US and Sweden. Journal of Technology transfer, 26(3), 207–231.
Jacob, M., Lundqvist, M., & Hellsmark, H. (2003). Entrepreneurial transformations in Swedish university system: The case of Chalmers University of Technology. Research Policy, 32(9), 1555–1568.
Jain, K. K., & Yusof, M. (2007). Leadership challenges in developing an entrepreneurial university. Proceedings of the International Conference on Leadership in a Changing Landscape, Tun Abdul Razak University, Hotel Holiday Villa, Subang, Malaysia, 7–8 August.
Jensen, R. A., & Thursby, M. C. (2001). Proofs and prototypes for sale: The licensing of university inventions. American Economic Review, 91(1), 240–259.
Kenney, M., & Goe, W. R. (2004). The role of social embeddedness in professorial entrepreneurship: A comparison of electrical engineering and computer science at UC Berkeley and Stanford. Research Policy, 33(5), 691–707.
Kirby, D. A. (2006). Creating entrepreneurial universities in the UK: Applying entrepreneurship theory to practice. Journal of Technology Transfer, 31(5), 599–603.
Klofsten, M., & Jones-Evans, D. (2000). Comparing academic entrepreneurship in Europe—The case of Sweden and Ireland. Small Business Economics, 14(4), 299–309.
Laukkanen, M. (2003). Exploring academic entrepreneurship: Drivers and tensions of university-based business. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10(4), 372–382.
Lee, Y. S. (1996). Technology transfer and the research university: A search for the boundaries of university–industry collaboration. Research Policy, 25, 843–863.
Link, A. N., & Scott, J. T. (2005). Universities as partners in U.S. research joint ventures. Research Policy, 34(3), 385–393.
Link, A. N., & Siegel, D. S. (2005). University-based technology initiatives: Quantitative and qualitative evidence. Research Policy, 34, 253–257.
Link, A. N., Siegel, D. S., & Bozeman, B. (2006). An empirical analysis of the propensity of academics to engage in informal university technology transfer. Rensselaer Working Papers in Economics, No. 0610.
Lockett, A., Siegel, D., Wright, M., & Ensley, M. D. (2005). The creation of spin-off firms at public research institutions: Managerial and policy implications. Research Policy, 34, 981–993.
Louis, K. S., Blumenthal, D., Gluck, M. E., & Stoto, M. A. (1989). Entrepreneurs in academe: An exploration of behaviors among life scientists. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(1), 110–131.
Louis, K. S., Jones, L. M., Anderson, M. S., Blumenthal, D., & Campbell, E. G. (2001). Entrepreneurship, secrecy and productivity: A comparison of clinical and non-clinical life sciences faculty. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(3), 233–245.
Lowe, J. (1993). Commercialization of university research: Policy perspective. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 5(1), 27–37.
Mansfield, E. (1998). Academic research and industrial innovation: An update of empirical findings. Research Policy, 26(7–8), 773–776.
Markman, G. D., Gianiodis, P. T., Phan, P. H., & Balkin, D. B. (2004). Entrepreneurship from the ivory tower: Do incentives systems matter? Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3–4), 353–364.
Moray, N., & Clarysse, B. (2005). Institutional change and resource endowments to science-based entrepreneurial firms. Research Policy, 34(7), 1010–1027.
Mowery, D. C., Nelson, R. R., Sampat, B. N., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2001). The growth of patenting and licensing by the U.S. universities: An assessment of the effects of the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980. Research Policy, 30(1), 99–119.
Mowery, D. C., Sampat, B. N., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2002). Learning to patent: Institutional experience, learning, and the characteristics of U.S. university patents after the Bayh–Dole Act, 1981–1992. Management Science, 48(1), 73–89.
Mowery, D. C., & Shane, S. (2002). Introduction to the special issue on university entrepreneurship and technology transfer. Management Science, 48(1), v–ix.
Mowery, D. C., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2002). Academic patent quality and quantity before and after the Bayh–Dole Act in the United States. Research Policy, 31, 399–418.
Narin, F., Kimberley, S., Hamilton, S., & Olivastro, D. (1997). The increasing linkages between U.S. technology and public science. Research Policy, 26(3), 317–330.
Nerkar, A., & Shane, S. (2003). When do start-ups that exploits patented academic knowledge survive? International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21(9), 1391–1410.
Nicolaou, N., & Birley, S. (2003). Social network in organization emergence: The university spin-out phenomenon. Management Science, 49(12), 1702–1725.
O’Shea, R. P., Allen, T. J., Chevalier, A., & Roche, F. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation, technology transfer and spinoff performance of U.S. universities. Research Policy, 34(7), 994–1009.
O’Shea, R. P., Allen, T. J., O, , Gorman, C., & Roche, F. (2004). Universities technology transfer: A review of academic entrepreneurship literature. Irish Journal of Management, 25(2), 11–29.
Owen-Smith, J., & Powell, W. W. (2001). To patent or not: Faculty decisions and institutional success at technology transfer. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1–2), 99–114.
Owen-Smith, J., & Powell, W. W. (2003). The expanding role of university patenting in the life sciences: Assessing the importance of experience and connectivity. Research Policy, 32(9), 1695–1711.
Phan, P. H., & Siegel, D. S. (2006). The effectiveness of university technology transfer: Lessons learned from quantitative and qualitative research in the U.S. and the U.K. Rensselaer Working Papers in Economics, No. 0609.
Powers, J. B., & McDougall, P. P. (2005a). Policy orientation effects on performance with licensing to start-ups and small companies. Research Policy, 34(7), 1028–1042.
Powers, J. B., & McDougall, P. P. (2005b). Universities start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public: A resource-based view of academic entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(3), 291–311.
Readings, W. (1996). The university in ruins. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Reitan, B. (1997). Fostering technical entrepreneurship in research communities: Granting scholarships to would be entrepreneurs. Technovation, 17(6), 287–296.
Roberts, E. (1991). Entrepreneurs in high technology: Lessons from MIT and beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Röpke, J. (1998). The entrepreneurial university, innovation, academic knowledge creation and regional development in a globalized economy. Working paper Department of Economics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany, 15. Retrieved February 25 February, 2007 from http://www.wiwi.uni-marburg.de/Lehrstuehle/VWL/Witheo3/documents/entreuni.pdf.
Rothaermel, F. T., Agung, S. D., & Jiang, L. (2007). University entrepreneurship: A taxonomy of the literature. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16: Oxford University Press.
Sampat, B. N., Mowery, D. C., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2003). Changes university patent quality after the Bayh–Dole Act: Re-examination. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21(9), 1371–1390.
Saragossi, S., & van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. (2003). What patent data reveal about universities: The case of Belgium. Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 47–51.
Schulte, P. (2004). The entrepreneurial university: A strategy for institutional development. Higher Education in Europe, 29(2), 187–191.
Shane, S. (2002). Executive forum: University technology transfer to entrepreneurial companies. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(6), 537–552.
Shane, S. (2004). Encouraging university entrepreneurship? The effect of the Bayh–Dole Act on university patenting in the United States. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(1), 127–151.
Siegel, D. S., Thursby, J. G., Thursby, M. C., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2001). Organizational issues in university–industry technology transfer: An overview of the symposium issue. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1–2), 5–11.
Siegel, D. S., & van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. (2003). Symposium overview: Economic and managerial implications of university technology transfer (selected papers on university technology transfer from the Applied Econometrics Association Conference on “Innovations and Intellectual Property: Economic and Managerial Perspectives”). Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 5–8.
Sine, W. D., Shane, S., & Di Gregorio, D. (2003). The halo effect and technology licensing: The influence of institutional prestige on the licensing of university inventions. Management Science, 49(4), 478–496.
Sporn, B. (2001). Building adaptive universities: Emerging organizational forms based on experiences of European and US universities. Tertiary Education and Management, 7(2), 121–134.
Steffensen, M., Rogers, E. M., & Speakman, K. (2000). Spin-Offs from research centers at a research university. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(1), 93–111.
Subotzky, G. (1999). Alternatives to the entrepreneurial university: New modes of knowledge production in community service programs. Higher Education, 38(4), 401–440.
Thursby, J. G., & Thursby, M. C. (2002). Who is selling the ivory tower? Sources of growth in university licensing. Management Science, 48(1), 90–104.
Thursby, J. G., & Thursby, M. C. (2004). Are faculty critical? Their role in university licensing. Contemporary Economic Policy, 22, 162–178.
Van Looy, B., Ranga, M., Callaert, J., Debackere, K., & Zimmermann, E. (2004). Combining entrepreneurial and scientific performance in academia: Towards a compounded and reciprocal Matthew-Effect? Research Policy, 33(3), 425–441.
Wallmark, J. T. (1997). Inventions and patents at universities: The Case of Chalmers University of Technology. Technovation, 17(3), 127–139.
Wright, M., Birley, S., & Mosey, S. (2004). Entrepreneurship and university technology transfer. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3–4), 235–246.
Zhao, F. (2004). Academic entrepreneurship: Case study of Australian universities. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 5(2), 91–97.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yusof, M., Jain, K.K. Categories of university-level entrepreneurship: a literature survey. Int Entrep Manag J 6, 81–96 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-007-0072-x
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-007-0072-x