Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Entrepreneurial-intention constraint model: A comparative analysis among post-graduate management students in India, Singapore and Malaysia

  • Published:
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although literature on entrepreneurship has increasingly focused on intention-based models, not much emphasis has been laid on understanding the combined effect of contextual and situational factors along with support of university environment on the formation of entrepreneurial intention among students. In an effort to make up for this shortfall, by taking Theory of Planned Behavior as basic framework, the present study seeks to understand the influence of three of the most important factors, viz. (a) endogenous barriers, (b) exogenous environment, and (c) university environment and support on the entrepreneurial intention among management students. The study sample consisted of 1,097 students, wherein 526 students were from India, 252 from Singapore, and 319 were from Malaysia. The results indicates that along with positive attitude and perceived behavioral control that directly influences entrepreneurial intention, university environment and support and exogenous environment also have an indirect but significant impact on shaping of entrepreneurial intention among students. With this, it was found that exogenous environment was found to have a negative relationship with both attitude towards behavior and perceived behavioral control for all three countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acs, Z. J., & Szerb, L. (2009). The global entrepreneurship index (GEINDEX). Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship., 5(5), 341–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behaviour (pp. 11–39). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

  • Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 1–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Autio, E., Keeley, R. H., Klofsten, M., & Ulfstedt, T. (1997). Entrepreneurial intent among students: Testing an intent model in Asia, Scandinavia and USA. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson Conference Proceedings, available at www.babson.edu/entrep/fer.

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayon, M. C., Vaillant, Y., & Lafuente, E. (2015). Initiating nascent entrepreneurial activities: The relative role of perceived and actual entrepreneurial ability. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 21(1), 27–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhandari, N. C. (2006). Intention for entrepreneurship among students in India. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 15(2), 169–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, B., & Jelinek, M. (1988). The operation of entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(2), 21–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, B. (1990). Corporate linkages and organizational environment: A test of the resource dependence model. Strategic Management Journal, 11(6), 419–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 63–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno, A. V., & Tyebjee, T. T. (1982). The environment for entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. Vesper (Eds.), The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 288–307). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Busenitz, L. W., & Lau, C. M. (1996). A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 20(4), 25–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument. International Journal of Testing, 1(1), 55–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calder, B. J., Phillips, L. W., & Tybout, A. M. (1981). Designing research for application. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2), 197–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. A. (1992). A decision theory model for entrepreneurial acts. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 17(1), 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choo, S., & Wong, M. (2006). Entrepreneurial intention: Triggers and barriers to new venture creations in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 28(2), 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 42–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drnovsek, M., & Glas, M. (2002). The entrepreneurial self-efficacy of nascent entrepreneurs: The case of two economies in transition. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 10(02), 107–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. L., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J. V., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado, I., He, X., Buame, S., & Wolff, B. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve-country evaluation of Ajzen's model of planned behavior. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(1), 35–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, T. (2002). Entrepreneurial capital: The emerging venture's most important asset and competitive advantage. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3), 275–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2005). Using the theory of planned behaviour to assess entrepreneurship teaching programmes. Center for Research in Change, Innovation and Strategy of Louvain School of Management, Working Paper, 5, 2005.

  • Franke, N., & Lüthje, C. (2004). Entrepreneurial intentions of business students—A benchmarking study. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 1(03), 269–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderen, M., Brand, M., Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Gils, A. (2006). Some advances in the explanation of entrepreneurial intentions. Regional Frontiers of entrepreneurship research. Swinburne: Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giacomin, O., Janssen, F., Pruett, M., Shinnar, R., Llopis, F., & Toney, B. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentons, motivations and barriers: Differences among American, Asian and European students. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7, 219–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tathan, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate data analysis with readings (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatten, T. S., & Ruhland, S. K. (1995). Student attitude toward entrepreneurship as affected by participation in an SBI program. Journal of Education for Business, 70(4), 224–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herron, L., & Sapienza, H. J. (1992). The entrepreneur and the initiation of new venture launch activities. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 17(1), 49–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iakovleva, T. A., Kolvereid, L., Gorgievski, M. J., & Sørhaug, Ø. (2014). Comparison of perceived barriers to entrepreneurship in eastern and western European countries. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 18(2–3), 115–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kassean, H., Vanevenhoven, J., Liguori, E., & Winkel, D. E. (2015). Entrepreneurship education: A need for reflection, real-world experience and action. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 21(5), 690–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kautonen, T., Van Gelderen, M., & Tornikoski, E. T. (2013). Predicting entrepreneurial behaviour: A test of the theory of planned behaviour. Applied Economics, 45(6), 697–707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchoff, B. A. (1991). Entrepreneur’s contribution to economics. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 93–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866–885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraaijenbrink, J., Bos, G., & Groen, A. (2009). What do students think of the entrepreneurial support given by their universities? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 9(1), 110–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5(4), 315–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, N., & Dickson, P. R. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25(3), 385–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Learned, K. E. (1992). What happened before the organization? A model of organization formation. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 17(1), 39–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. (2007). Ethnic entrepreneurship: Studying Chinese and Indian students in the United States. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12(04), 449–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, S., & Si, S. (2014). Factors affecting peasant entrepreneurs’ intention in the Chinese context. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(4), 803–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liñán, F. & Chen, Y-W. (2006). Testing the entrepreneurial intention model on a two-country sample, Document de Treball Num. 06/7, Departament d’ Economia de l’Empresa. Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

  • Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: Citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liñán, F., & Santos, F. J. (2009). La influencia del capital social sobre los empresarios potenciales. Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 24(2), 459–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The making of an entrepreneur: Testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&D Management, 33(2), 135–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, C. H., & Moser, S. B. (1995). Family background and gender: Implications for interest in small firm ownership. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 7(4), 365–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. K., Smith, B., Seawright, K. W., & Morse, E. A. (2000). Cross-cultural cognitions and the venture creation decision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 974–993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross- cultural approach to understanding the entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 162–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nabi, G., & Liñán, F. (2013). Considering business start-up in recession time: The role of risk perception and economic context in shaping the entrepreneurial intent. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 19(6), 633–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaou, N., & Shane, S. (2014). Biology, neuroscience, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Inquiry, 23(1), 98–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, P. D., & Bosserman, D. A. (1984). Attributes of the entrepreneurial type. Business Horizons, 27(3), 53–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penrose, E. (1959). Theory of the growth of the firm. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phan, P. H., Wong, P. K., & Wang, C. K. (2002). Antecedents to entrepreneurship among university students in Singapore: Beliefs, attitudes and background. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 10(02), 151–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pihkala, T., and J. Vesalainen. 2000. Barriers to entrepreneurship: Educational opportunities. Work presented at IntEnt 2000 Conference, July 11-13, Tampere.

  • Reisenwitz, T., & Iyer, R. (2007). A comparison of younger and older baby boomers: Investigating the viability of cohort segmentation. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 24(4), 202–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reitan, B. (1996). Entrepreneurial intentions: A combined models approach. In Ponencia presentada en el marco de la Conferencia 9th Nordic Small Business Research Conference. Lillehammer: Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P., & Miller, B. (1992). New firm gestation: Conception, birth, and implications for research. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(5), 405–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, M., Collins, A., Medeira, N., & Slater, J. (2003). Barriers to start-up and their effect on aspirant entrepreneurs. Education and Training, 45(6), 308–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., & Hunt, H. K. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(4), 13–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, R. F., Adams, J. S., Carley, S., & Wiebe, F. A. (1989). Role model performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 53–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A meta-analytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 291–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seacrest L. (1975). Texas entrepreneurship. In Schrier J.W., & J. Susbauer (eds.), Entrepreneurship and enterprise development: A worldwide perspective Milwaukee, WI: Centre for Venture Management (pp. 51–65).

  • Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation to become an entrepreneur. International journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & research, 11(1), 42–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapero, A. (1982). Social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.), The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirokova, G., Osiyevskyy, O., & Bogatyreva, K. (2016). Exploring the intention–behavior link in student entrepreneurship: Moderating effects of individual and environmental characteristics. European Management Journal, 34(4), 386–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S., Amoros, J. E., & Arreola, D. M. (2015). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2014 global report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, 1–116.

  • Smith, R. (1999). Government to shake up insolvency law. Credit Management, Feb., 15–29.

  • Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Allaham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. (2007). A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 17–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suki, N. M. (2014). Investigating the measurement of Consumer ecological behaviour, environmental knowledge, healthy food, and healthy way of life. International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development, 5(1), 12–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suki, N.M. (2016). Consumer environmental concern and green product purchase in Malaysia: Structural effects of consumption values. Journal of Cleaner Production, 132, 204–214.

  • Theng, L. G., & Boon, J. L. W. (1996). An exploratory study of factors affecting the failure of local small and medium enterprises. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 13(2), 47–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tkachev, A., & Kolvereid, L. (1999). Self-employment intentions among Russian students. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11(3), 269–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolentino, L., Sedoglavich, V., Lu, V., Garcia, P., & Restubog, S. (2014). The role of career adaptability in predicting entrepreneurial intentions: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85, 403–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, R. H. (2013). Entrepreneurship, its conceptualization and teaching in business schools: Management Lecturers' perspective. South Asian Journal of Management, 20(1), 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, R. H. (2014). Are we committed to teach entrepreneurship in business school?: An empirical analysis of lecturers in India, Singapore and Malaysia. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 8(1), 71–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, R. (2016). Does university play significant role in shaping entrepreneurial intention? A cross-country comparative analysis. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(3), 790–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, R. H., Savalia, J. R., & Patel, J. D. (2009). Linking technopreneurial competence and education to business growth. International Journal of Technoentrepreneurship, 2(2), 168–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, R. H., Oza, B. K., & Savalia, J. R. (2010). Technopreneurial competence and its relationship with social and environmental factors: An empirical study. International Journal of Business Environment, 3(1), 74–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi, R., Savalia, J., & Patel, J. (2011). An empirical study for developing scale and profiling technopreneurs based upon their techopreneurial motive. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 11(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, K. H., Chang, H. C., & Peng, C. Y. (2016). Refining the linkage between perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention: Roles of perceived opportunity, fear of failure, and gender. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(4), 1127–1145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2013). Entrepreneurial universities: Socio-economic impacts of academic entrepreneurship in a European region. Economic Development Quarterly, 27(1), 40–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verheul, I., Thurik, R., & Grilo, I. (2009). Explaining preferences and actual involvement in self-employment: New insights into the role of gender. In Paper presented at the academy of management conference, august 7–11. Chicago, Ill: USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verheul, I., Thurik, R., Grilo, I., & van der Zwan, P. (2012). Explaining preferences and actual involvement in self-employment: Gender and the entrepreneurial personality. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 325–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watchravesringkan, K. T., Hodges, N. N., Yurchisin, J., Hegland, J., Karpova, E., Marcketti, S., & Yan, R. N. (2013). Modeling entrepreneurial career intentions among undergraduates: An examination of the moderating role of entrepreneurial knowledge and skills. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 41(3), 325–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, P., & Lee, L. (2005). Antecedents for entrepreneurial propensity in Singapore. Working paper: NUS Entrepreneurship Centre, National University of Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J. (2013). The theory of planned behavior and prediction of entrepreneurial intention among Chinese undergraduates. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 41(3), 367–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Duysters, G., & Cloodt, M. (2014). The role of entrepreneurship education as a predictor of university students’ entrepreneurial intention. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10, 623–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zollo, L., Laudano, M. C., Ciappei, C., & Zampi, V. (2017). Factors affecting universities’ ability to foster students’ entrepreneurial behavior: An empirical investigation. Journal of Management Development, 36(2), 268–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    Rohit H. Trivedi

Authors
  1. Rohit H. Trivedi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rohit H. Trivedi.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 5 Demographic information about respondents
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Trivedi, R.H. Entrepreneurial-intention constraint model: A comparative analysis among post-graduate management students in India, Singapore and Malaysia. Int Entrep Manag J 13, 1239–1261 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0449-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0449-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation