Abstract
The paper investigates the overall and detailed features of cosmic ray (CR) spectra in the knee region using the scenario of nuclei-photon interactions around the acceleration sources. Young supernova remnants can be the physical realities of such kind of CR acceleration sites. The results show that the model can well explain the following problems simultaneously with one set of source parameters: the knee of CR spectra and the sharpness of the knee, the detailed irregular structures of CR spectra, the so-called “component B” of Galactic CRs, and the electron/positron excesses reported by recent observations. The coherent explanation serves as evidence that at least a portion of CRs might be accelerated at the sources similar to young supernova remnants, and one set of source parameters indicates that this portion mainly comes from standard sources or from a single source.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kulikov G V, Kristiansen G B. On the size spectrum of extensive air showers. J Exp Theor Phys, 1958, 35: 441–444
Kobayakawa K, Honda Y S, Samura T. Acceleration by oblique shocks at supernova remnants and cosmic ray spectra around the knee region. Phys Rev D, 2002, 66: 083004
Sveshnikova L G. The knee in the Galactic cosmic ray spectrum and variety in Supernovae. Astron Astrophys, 2003, 409: 799–807
Erlykin A D, Wolfendale A W. Structure in the cosmic ray spectrum: An update. J Phys G-Nucl Phys, 2001, 27: 1005–1030
Ptuskin V S, Rogovaya S I, Zirakashvili V N, et al. Diffusion and drift of very high energy cosmic rays in galactic magnetic fields. Astron Astrophys, 1993, 268: 726–735
Roulet E. Astroparticle theory: Some new insights into high energy cosmic rays. Int J Mod Phys A, 2004, 19: 1133–1141
Lagutin A A, Nikulin Y A, Uchaikin V V. The “knee” in the primary cosmic ray spectrum as consequence of the anomalous diffusion of the particles in the fractal interstellar medium. Nucl Phys B Proc Suppl, 2001, 97: 267–270
Karakula S, Tkaczyk W. The formation of the cosmic ray energy spectrum by a photon field. Astropart Phys, 1993, 1: 229–237
Candia J, Epele L N, Roulet E. Cosmic ray photodisintegration and the knee of the spectrum. Astropart Phys, 2002, 17: 23–33
Wigmans R. PeV cosmic rays: a window on the leptonic era? Astropart Phys, 2003, 19: 379–392
Nikolsky S I, Romachin V A. Cosmic rays of energies in the range 103–105 TeV and higher. Phys Atom Nucl, 2000, 63: 1799–1814
Kazanas D, Nicolaidis A. Cosmic ray knee: A herald of new physics? Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 2001, 5: 1760
Amenomori M, Bi X J, Chen D, et al. The all-particle spectrum of primary cosmic rays in the wide energy range from 1014 to 1017 eV observed with the Tibet-III Air-Shower Array. Astrophys J, 2008, 678: 1165–1179
Apel W D, Arteaga J C, Badea A F, et al. Energy spectra of elemental groups of cosmic rays: Update on the KASCADE unfolding analysis. Astrophys J, 2009, 31: 86–91
Garyaka A P, Martirosov R M, Ter-Antonyan S V, et al. An all-particle primary energy spectrum in the 3–200 PeV energy range. J Phys G-Nucl Phys, 2008, 35: 115201
Ivanov A A, Knurenko S P, Sleptsov I Y, et al. Measuring extensive air showers with Cherenkov light detectors of the Yakutsk array: The energy spectrum of cosmic rays. New J Phys, 2009, 11: 065008
Chilingarian A, Gharagyozyan G, Ghazaryan S, et al. Study of extensive air showers and primary energy spectra by MAKET-ANI detector on mountain Aragats. Astropart Phys, 2007, 28: 58–71
Shibata M. About the cosmic-ray spectrum around the knee. Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 2009, 0295
Erlykin A D, Wolfendale A W. The knee in the cosmic ray energy spectrum. Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 2009, 0301, ArXiv: 0906.3949
Hu H B. Status of the EAS studies of cosmic rays with energy below 1016 eV. Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 2009, ArXiv: 0911.3034
Hillas A M. Topical Review: Can diffusive shock acceleration in supernova remnants account for high-energy galactic cosmic rays? J Phys G-Nucl Phys, 2005, 31: R95–R131
Adriani O, Barbarino G C, Bazilevskaya G A, et al. An anomalous positron abundance in cosmic rays with energies 1.5–100 GeV. Nature, 2009, 458: 607–609
Chang J, Adams J H, Ahn H S, et al. An excess of cosmic ray electrons at energies of 300–800 GeV. Nature, 2008, 456: 362–365
Aharonian F, Akhperjanian A G, Barres de Almeida U, et al. Energy spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons at TeV energies. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 101: 261104
Aharonian F, Akhperjanian A G, Barres de Almeida U, et al. Probing the ATIC peak in the cosmic-ray electron spectrum with H.E.S.S. Astron Astrophys, 2009, 508: 561–564
Abdo A A, Ackermann M, Ajello M, et al. Measurement of the Cosmic Ray e+e− Spectrum from 20 GeV to 1 TeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev Lett, 2009, 102: 181101
Serpico P D. Possible causes of a rise with energy of the cosmic ray positron fraction. Phys Rev D, 2009, 79: 021302
Hu H B, Yuan Q, Wang B, et al. On the e+e− excesses and the knee of the Cosmic Ray Spectra—Hints of cosmic ray acceleration in young supernova remnants. Astrophys J, 2009, 700: L170–L173
Blumenthal G R. Energy loss of high-energy cosmic rays in pair-producing collisions with ambient photons. Phys Rev D, 1970, 1: 1596–1602
Puget J L, Stecker F W, Bredekamp J H. Photonuclear interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and their astrophysical consequences. Astrophys J, 1976, 205: 638–654
Amsler C, Doser M, Antonelli M, et al (Particle Data Group). Review of particle physics. Phys Lett B, 2008, 667: 1–5
Stanev T, Gaisser T K, Halzen F. Muons in gamma showers from Cygnus X-3? Phys Rev D, 1985, 32: 1244–1247
Horandel J R. On the knee in the energy spectrum of cosmic rays. Astropart Phys, 2003, 19: 193–220
Stecker F W. Effect of photomeson production by the universal radiation field on high-energy cosmic rays. Phys Rev Lett, 1968, 21: 1016
Bertaina M, Battistoni G, Muraro S, et al. The cosmic ray primary spectrum in the transition region between direct and indirect measurements (10 TeV–10 PeV). J Phys Conf Ser, 2008, 120: 062023
Putze A, Derome L, Maurin D, et al. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique to sample transport and source parameters of Galactic cosmic rays. I. Method and results for the Leaky-Box model. Astron Astrophys, 2009, 497: 991–1007
Amenomori M, Ayabe S, Chen D, et al. Are protons still dominant at the knee of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum? Phys Lett B, 2006, 632: 58–64
Apel W D, Arteaga J C, Badea A F, et al. KASCADE measurement of energy spectra for elemental groups of cosmic rays: Results and open problems. Astropart Phys, 2005, 24: 1–25
Yoon Y S, Ahn H S, Allison P S, et al. H and He spectra from the 2004/05 CREAM flight. Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 2008, 2: 55–58
Alcaraz J, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, et al. Cosmic protons. Phys Lett B, 2000, 490: 27–35
Haino S, Sanuki T, Abe K, et al. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I - results from the test flight on the space shuttle. Phys Rept, 2002, 366: 331–405
Panov A D, Adams J H, Ahn H S, et al. Energy spectra of abundant nuclei of primary cosmic rays from the data of ATIC-2 experiment: Final results. Bull Russ Acad Sci-Phys, 2009, 73: 564–567
Haino S, Sanuki T, Abe K, et al. Measurements of primary and atmospheric cosmic-ray spectra with the BESS-TeV spectrometer. Phys Lett B, 2004, 594: 35–46
Gupta S K, Antia H M, Iyer A. et al. Current status of the expanded GRAPES collaboration experiment at Ooty in India. Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 2008, 5: 1121–1124
Asakimori K, Burnett T H, Cherry M L, et al. Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra: results from the JACEE experiment. Astrophys J, 1998, 502: 278
Apanasenko A V, Sukhadolskaya V A, Derbina V A, et al. Composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray primaries in the energy range 1013–1015 eV/particle observed by Japanese-Russian joint balloon experiment. Astropart Phys, 2001, 16: 13–46
Ivanenko I P, Shestoperov V Y, Chikova L O, et al. Energy spectra of Cosmic Rays above 2 TeV as measured by the ’sOKOL’ apparatus. Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 1993, 2: 17
Zatsepin V I, Zamchalova E A, Varkovitskaya A Y, et al. Energy spectra of primary protons and other nuclei in energy region 10–100 TeV/nucleus. Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 1993, 2: 13
Boezio M, Bonvicini V, Schiavon P, et al. The cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra measured with the CAPRICE98 balloon experiment. Astropart Phys, 2003, 19: 583–604
Mueller D, Swordy S P, Meyer P, et al. Energy spectra and composition of primary cosmic rays. Astrophys J, 1991, 374: 356–365
Swordy P S, Barwick S W, Beatty J J, et al. The relative fluxes of protons and helium nuclei up to 100 GeV/n. Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 1995, 2: 652
Navarra G. Study of cosmic ray primaries between 1012 and 1016 eV from EAS-TOP. Int Cosmic Ray Conf, 2003, 1: 147
Nagano M, Hara T, Hatano Y, et al. Energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays between 1014.5 and 1018 eV. J Phys G-Nucl Phys, 1984, 10: 1295–1310
Ichimura M, Kogawa M, Kuramata S, et al. Observation of heavy cosmic-ray primaries over the wide energy range from ∼100 GeV/particle to ∼100 TeV/particle: Is the celebrated “knee” actually so prominent? Phys Rev D, 1993, 48: 1949–1975
Juliusson E. Charge composition and energy spectra of Cosmic-Ray nuclei at energies above 20 GeV per nucleon. Astrophys J, 1974, 191: 331–348
Kamioka E, Hareyama M, Ichimura M, et al. Azimuthally controlled observation of heavy cosmic-ray primaries by means of the balloon-borne emulsion chamber. Astropart Phys, 1997, 6: 155–167
Ahn H S, Allison P, Bagliesi M G, et al. Energy spectra of cosmic- ray nuclei at high energies. Astrophys J, 2009, 707: 593–693
Berezinsky V, Gazizov A, Kachelrie M. Second dip as a signature of ultrahigh energy proton interactions with cosmic microwave background radiation. Phys Rev Lett, 2006, 97: 231101
Korosteleva E E, Prosin V V, Kuzmichev L A, et al. Measurement of cosmic ray primary energy with the Atmospheric Cherenkov Light Technique in extensive air showers. Nucl Phys B (Proc Suppl), 2007, 165: 74–80
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Contributed by HU HongBo
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, B., Yuan, Q., Fan, C. et al. A study on the sharp knee and fine structures of cosmic ray spectra. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 53, 842–847 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-010-0194-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-010-0194-y