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New insights in Russula subsect. Rubrinae: phylogeny and the quest for synapomorphic characters

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Abstract

Russula is one of the most speciose genera of mushroom-forming fungi, but phylogenetic relationships among species and subgeneric groupings are poorly understood. Our multi-locus phylogenetic reconstruction places R. firmula, R. rubra, R. rutila and R. veternosa in a well-supported Rubrinae clade, belonging to the Integrae clade of the Crown clade of the genus Russula. Traditional morphology-based classifications placed these four species in two different subsections based on the presence or absence of incrustations on pileocystidia. The Integrae clade also contains R. integra and related species that are traditionally placed in other groups based on their mild taste. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the common ancestor of the Crown clade and the Integrae clade probably did not have any incrustations in the pileipellis, had a mild taste, yellow spore print and were associated with angiosperms. All four species of the Rubrinae clade are defined by a darker yellow or ochre spore print, acrid taste and incrustations on pileocystidia. This last character contradicts the former splitting of the group because incrustations were apparently overlooked in R. firmula and R. veternosa. Incrustation type is now highlighted as being important for the delimitation of species and groups within the Crown clade. Pink or red staining of the incrustations in sulphovanillin is present in all species of the Rubrinae clade and a majority of the analysed species of the Integrae clade. The delimitation of the Rubrinae clade and its species circumscriptions are summarised here in a new diagnostic key.

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Acknowledgements

We very much appreciated the help of H. Kaufmann, L. Michelin and any collectors we may have forgotten to mention by accident for supplying us with interesting collections. P. Marstad and V. Liiv are acknowledged for providing photos of the field aspect of some studies species. The curator and staff of the herbarium PC are acknowledged for the loan of the type material. The studies of S. Adamčík, M. Caboň and S. Jančovičová were funded by the Slovak Research and Development Agency APVV-15-0210. The studies of M. Caboň and M. Kolařík were supported by bilateral scientific mobility project SAV-AV ČR 16-06 and Intra-Visegrad scholarship no. 51400484.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cryptogams, Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Miroslav Caboň & Slavomír Adamčík

  2. Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

    Ursula Eberhardt & Felix Hampe

  3. Department of Ecology and Evolution Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

    Brian Looney

  4. Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic

    Miroslav Kolařík

  5. Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Soňa Jančovičová

  6. Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Annemieke Verbeken

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  1. Miroslav Caboň
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  2. Ursula Eberhardt
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  3. Brian Looney
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  5. Miroslav Kolařík
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  6. Soňa Jančovičová
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  7. Annemieke Verbeken
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  8. Slavomír Adamčík
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Correspondence to Miroslav Caboň.

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Caboň, M., Eberhardt, U., Looney, B. et al. New insights in Russula subsect. Rubrinae: phylogeny and the quest for synapomorphic characters. Mycol Progress 16, 877–892 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-017-1322-0

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